Positive effects of applying endophytic bacteria in eggplant-Sedum intercropping system on Cd phytoremediation and vegetable production in cadmium polluted greenhouse

The combination of intercropping and phytoremediation in the remediation of cadmium contaminated soil is an emerging model in recent years, but the results of previous studies are inconsistent. In the field experiment, eggplant was intercropped with hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance (inoculated or not inoculated with endophytic bacteria) to study the effects of intercropping on vegetable safety production, phytoremediation efficiency of hyperaccumulator and variation of soil available nutrients. The results showed that the intercropping treatment had a negative effect on the growth of eggplant and Sedum, but endophyte SaMR12 alleviated the inhibition of intercropping on plant growth. Intercropping treatment increases the Cd concentration in edible part of eggplant to 1.34 mg/kg compared with eggplant monoculture (1.19 mg/kg). While the application of SaMR12 reduces the Cd concentration of eggplant fruit to 0.95 mg/kg and significantly promotes the Cd uptake by Sedum. What's more surprising is that compared with eggplant monocropping, the content of soil available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the treatment of intercropping with inoculated Sedum increased significantly. And according to the correlation analysis of various indexes of plants and soil, the Cd content of eggplant is negatively correlated with the available phosphorus and potassium in the soil, while the Cd content of Sedum is positively correlated with it, which suggested that the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in this experimental site was beneficial to reduce Cd content in eggplant and improve Cd phytoextraction of Sedum. Therefore, in the daily production of moderately Cd-contaminated soil, intercropping eggplant with Sedum inoculated with endophytic bacteria is an excellent Phytoextraction Coupled with Agro-safe-production (PCA) pattern.     

连续4 a施有机肥降低紫泥田镉活性与稻米镉含量

商品有机肥由于可能含镉（Cd）,并在施入后对水稻土中Cd的有效性具有"抑制"和"激活"的双重作用,导致施有机肥的稻米降Cd效应目前仍存在较大不确定性.通过选取湘东地区典型水稻土（紫泥田土种）,连续4 a定位监测了大田施用商品有机肥对双季稻稻米的降Cd效应,探索稻米Cd含量与双季稻不同生育期土壤Cd有效性、土壤因子（pH、土壤活性有机碳组分与铁氧化物）的关系.结果表明,施有机肥降低双季稻糙米Cd含量28%~56%,且晚稻糙米Cd含量降幅（43%~56%）高于早稻糙米Cd含量的降幅（28%~45%）,降幅的年际波动小.一方面,施有机肥也导致双季稻某些生育期（分蘖盛期自齐穗期）土壤有效态Cd含量平均下降6%~7%;土壤交换态Cd含量降低11%,土壤有机结合态Cd含量提高14%,直接反映土壤Cd有效性的降低.另一方面,施有机肥也稳定提升土壤pH值0.1~0.3个单位,促进土壤环境由酸性向微酸性发展,土壤活性有机碳组分（轻组有机碳、粗颗粒有机碳和细颗粒有机碳）含量大幅提升（53%、77%和107%）,间接反映土壤Cd有效性的降低.本研究表明,紫泥田连续施有机肥后,土壤Cd有效性下降是双季稻米Cd含量降低的关键驱动因素.     

PSF多相UV-Fenton体系原儿茶酸与龙胆酸的增效对比

对比研究了原儿茶酸和龙胆酸对聚合硅酸铁（PSF）多相UV-Fenton体系降解橙Ⅱ的增效能力,分析了两种增效体系中铁离子转化、H₂O₂分解以及·OH生成之间的关系,探讨了两种增效试剂对PSF多相UV-Fenton体系的增效机制.结果表明：原儿茶酸和龙胆酸均能够有效促进催化剂Fe²⁺生成与释放,进而提高体系·OH的浓度、促进橙Ⅱ的降解.相对原儿茶酸,龙胆酸对PSF的还原能力更强,其相应增效体系中·OH的浓度更高、橙Ⅱ的降解速度更快.0.2mmol/L的增效浓度下,橙Ⅱ在原儿茶酸和龙胆酸增效体系中第一段脱色速率常数能分别从基础体系的0.11min^-1提高至1.68和2.48min^-1,分别增加14.27倍和21.55倍.原儿茶酸和龙胆酸能够循环增效PSF多相UV-Fenton体系降解橙Ⅱ,反应结束后PSF对Fe³⁺的再吸附使得溶液总铁离子浓度低于5mg/L,从而避免催化剂铁元素的损失以及铁离子的二次污染,表明原儿茶酸和龙胆酸均是PSF多相UV-Fenton体系的高效增效试剂.     

不同阴离子钠盐对土壤Cd形态与微生物群落的影响

为了探明污染土壤在盐碱胁迫条件下镉（Cd）有效性与微生物群落的响应,采集污灌区Cd污染农田土壤,模拟北方土壤典型盐碱胁迫情景,设置不同阴离子钠盐配置处理,利用微生境培养实验,采用高通量测序技术,结合对土壤性质、土壤Cd形态等的测定.结果表明：施用钠盐可显著提高钠吸附比（SAR）、碱化度（ESP）,降低有机碳（SOC）含量、阳离子交换量（CEC）;促进土壤中小粒径团聚体（<0.002mm）的形成,增加了Cd在小颗粒团聚体的质量负载;与对照相比,两种土壤中T1处理（主要阴离子为SO₄^2-、Cl^-）均显著（P<0.05）增加交换态Cd含量（27.06%和11.00%）.钠盐的添加降低了土壤中细菌的丰度和多样性,其中T1处理的微生物群落均匀度最低;盐碱胁迫处理改变了土壤细菌的关键类群,如增加了耐盐碱腈基降解菌科、葡萄球菌科、假单胞菌科和耐重金属芽孢杆菌科的菌群丰度,不同处理菌群结构差异与土壤阴离子组成有关,如相比而言,T1处理可增加变形菌门、芽单胞菌门、拟杆菌门的丰度.冗余分析结果表明土壤pH值、交换态Cd含量、SAR和ESP是影响细菌群落组成变化的关键环境因子,拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门和变形菌门的丰度与pH值呈正相关,而酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门的丰度与交换态Cd含量、SAR呈现显著正相关.可见,盐碱胁迫增加了土壤Cd的有效性,显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构.     

外源铁对不同番茄品种生理特性、镉积累及化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(10 mg·kg-1)污染下,叶面喷施不同Fe浓度(0、50、100、200和400μmol·L-1)对不同品种番茄生长、抗氧化酶活性及番茄体内Cd形态和积累量的影响.结果表明,喷施Fe后,番茄干重、Cd含量和积累量在2个品种之间的差异达到了显著水平.Fe显著增加了2个番茄品种的果实、根、茎、叶及植株总干重.随Fe浓度增加,2个品种根超过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及渝粉109根过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先下降然后呈升高趋势,2个品种根过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及4641根CAT活性则先升高然后下降.番茄果实中的Cd以F R>F HCl>F E>F NaCl>F HAC>F W.适量的Fe减少了番茄果实中各形态Cd含量,但高量Fe(400μmol·L-1)增加了4641果实中F HCl、F R以及渝粉109果实中F E、F NaCl、F R和Cd总提取量.番茄Cd积累量以叶>茎>果实>根.叶面喷施Fe使番茄叶、茎、根和果实中的Cd含量分别降低了7.1%~25.3%、30.8%~50.4%、13.0%~45.1%和2.8%~11.7%.供试2个番茄品种,无论喷Fe与否,果实Cd含量及植株Cd总积累量以4641<渝粉109.     

镉对黑斑蛙精巢细胞色素P450酶及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性的影响

细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)是动物体内主要的解毒酶,在外源毒物的转化和代谢过程中具有重要作用.本文在实验条件下, 将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于浓度分别为0.005、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1的Cd溶液中30 d, 采用荧光分光光度法和紫外分光光度法测定精巢组织乙氧基异酚恶唑脱乙基酶(EROD)、红霉素N-脱甲基酶 (ERND)、氨基比林-N-脱甲基醇酶(APND)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性,探讨Cd在精巢的可能代谢过程和毒性机理.结果表明, 与对照组比较, EROD和GST酶活性在0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组被显著抑制; ERND酶活性在0.01~1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组均被显著抑制;而APND酶活性在各处理组响应变化不明显.结果显示, 精巢EROD、ERND和GST对Cd胁迫的敏感性高于APND, 黑斑蛙精巢中EROD、ERND和GST酶活性的响应可用来评价环境中低水平Cd的污染效应.     

针铁矿/H_2O_2体系对染料橙黄Ⅱ光化学脱色的实验研究

以针铁矿(α-FeOOH)为光催化剂,在金属卤灯(λ≥365 nm)照射下,对α-FeOOH与H2O2组成的非均相Fenton体系内橙黄Ⅱ的脱色进行了研究。考察了初始pH值、α-FeOOH用量、H2O2浓度和反应时间对橙黄Ⅱ脱色过程的影响。结果表明,在α-FeOOH用量为0.3 g/L,H2O2浓度为6 mmol/L,pH 3.0时,橙黄Ⅱ的脱色效果最好,光照90 min后脱色率达到99.4%。橙黄Ⅱ的光降解反应动力学符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)动力学方程。对不同时间溶液中的总有机碳(TOC)监测,结果表明体系中橙黄Ⅱ的矿化率较低,通过对溶液中铁(Fe2+和总铁)溶出的测定,说明可能的反应涉及针铁矿表面的铁循环。     

基于QUAL-Ⅱ模型的地热尾水溶质污染数值模拟

在东营地区广利河某段开展了地热尾水溶质弥散试验,获得监测断面的相关数值,采用河流水质综合模型(QUAL-Ⅱ)对尾水在河流中的弥散过程进行数值模拟和预测。求取弥散参数D为12 m2/s,模拟结果显示:单一点地热尾水排往河流中,对河流水质贡献不大,除排放口有影响外,尾水对整个河流的生态环境没有大的污染和破坏;预测多个尾水排放源排往同一河流时,尾水溶质的累积作用是明显的,相对影响较大区域在排放源0～40 m范围,距排放源大于200 m时,尾水的排入对河流水质影响已较轻微。建议在地热尾水排放点分散布设,降低尾水对河流水质的影响。     

基于GIS的沈阳沈抚灌区上游土壤质量现状评价

以沈阳沈抚灌区上游指定区域为研究对象,对停灌10多年来土壤中重金属镉和铬以及有机物石油烃进行了单因子指数法评价,同时运用Arcgis软件分析制定出了采样区域单项污染指数分布图,按照单项污染指数评价,结果表明:重金属总镉和总铬以清洁级为主,有机物石油烃以重污染为主。Arcgis插值分析得出空间分布图表明:重金属总镉含量不受灌渠分布影响。重金属总铬北部区域大于南部区域。灌渠对有机物石油烃含量影响明显,对于停灌10多年有机物石油烃修复效果,旱田作业要好于水田作业。     

Adsorption of cadmium on carbonaceous adsorbents developed from used tire rubber

Carbonaceous adsorbents (CAs) are developed from used tire rubber (UTR) and tested as adsorbents of Cd(2+) in aqueous solution. In the preparation of the CAs, UTR was treated thermally at 400-900 °C for 2 h in N(2) and at 850 °C for 2 h in steam. Concentrated NaOH, HCl, H(2)SO(4), HNO(3) and H(2)O(2) solutions were also used. UTR and H900 (i.e. UTR pyrolyzed at 900 °C) were treated with O(3) at 25 °C for 1 h and with air at 250 °C for 1 and 24 h. CAs were characterized texturally by N(2) adsorption at -196 °C, mercury porosimetry, and density measurements. The surface groups were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Using the batch method, the adsorption process of Cd(2+) was studied mainly from the kinetic standpoint at various pH values of the adsorptive solution. Significant porosity developments are achieved only when UTR is heat-treated, in particular in steam. However, the variety and concentration of surface groups are low in CAs. This is so even for CAs prepared using oxidizing agents as strong as O(3) and H(2)O(2), which has been associated with a lack of available or accessible surface active sites for oxidation in UTR and H900, respectively. Thermal and thermal-chemical treatments are usually more effective than chemical treatments to increase the adsorption of Cd(2+) in aqueous solution. The adsorption process of Cd(2+) is first fast and then much slower. Adsorption-time data fit better to a pseudo-second order kinetic equation than to a pseudo-first order kinetic equation. The extent to which the adsorption process occurs is strongly dependent on the pH of the Cd(2+) solution, being larger at pH 4.6 or 7.0 according to the adsorbent.