稻-麦轮作模式下不同钝化材料对镉污染农田土壤的原位钝化效应

为明确大田条件下施用钝化材料对镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的原位钝化效应及其持续性,以秸秆生物炭、 YH粉、粉煤灰、海泡石和页岩粉(粒径均<0.2 mm,施用量均为2.25kg·m^-2)这5种钝化材料为研究对象,连续监测3 a稻-麦轮作模式下原位钝化处理对土壤养分、土壤酸碱度、土壤Cd污染状况和种植作物籽粒Cd含量的影响,探讨其钝化效应及持续性,为有效控制农田土壤Cd污染、保证作物安全生产提供理论依据和数据支撑.结果表明：(1)稻-麦轮作模式下,施用5种钝化材料对土壤养分含量影响较小,但均可提高土壤pH,促使土壤Cd由酸提取态向残渣态转化,降低土壤Cd有效性,其中秸秆生物炭与YH粉处理下当季土壤有效Cd含量的降幅最大(20.42%～22.53%),是其它钝化处理的1.07～1.84倍.(2)稻-麦轮作模式下,首年施用5种钝化材料后均显著降低了水稻和小麦籽粒Cd含量,降幅分别达19.88%～48.77%和5.06%～24.00%.施用秸秆生物炭、粉煤灰和YH粉后作物籽粒Cd含量显著低于对照和其它钝化材料,该处理条件下的水稻籽粒ω(Cd)(0.195、0.197和0....     

Estimating maquiladora hazardous waste generation on the U.S./Mexico border

Maquiladoras, manufacturing plants that primarily assemble foreign components for reexport, are located in concentrations along the northern frontier of the US/Mexico border. These plants process a wide variety of materials using modern industrial technologies within the context of developing world institutions and infrastructure. Hazardous waste generation by maquiladoras represents a critical environmental management issue because of the spatial concentration of these plants in border municipalities where the infrastructure for waste management is nonexistent or poor. These border municipalities contain rapidly increasing populations, which further stress their waste handling infrastructure capacities while exposing their populations to greater contaminant risks. Limited empirical knowledge exists concerning hazardous waste types and generation rates from maquiladorsas. There is no standard reporting method for waste generation or methodology for estimating generation rates at this time. This paper presents a method that can be used for the rapid assessment of hazardous waste generation. A first approximation of hazardous waste generation is produced for maquiladoras in the three municipalities of Nogales, Sonora, Mexicali, Baja California, and Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua, using the INVENT model developed by the World Bank. In addition, our intent is to evaluate the potential of the INVENT model for adaptation to the US/Mexico border industrial situation. The press of border industrial development, especially with the recent adoption of the NAFTA, make such assessments necessary as a basis for the environmental policy formulation and management needed in the immediate future.     

工业污染土壤中Cd的分布特征及化学形态分析

对工业污染地中重金属Cd的分布及存在的化学形态进行了深入系统的研究.结果表明:此类污染土壤在中性条件下,可溶态(水溶态、交换态和有机态)Cd含量较低,分别为0.68%、12.7%和12.4%,不可溶态Cd(颗粒态)约为74.4%.而在偏酸性介质中,可溶态Cd含量较高,约为74.9%,具有明显的可迁移转化倾向.     

Hg、Cd对阿匍虾虎鱼及黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性影响

通过在水中添加重金属Ｈｇ、Ｃｄ的方法，获得了这两种金属对阿匍虾虎鱼和风褐新糠虾的９６ｈ半致死浓度（ＬＣ５０），结果表明Ｈｇ对阿匍虾虎鱼和黑褐新糠虾的９６ｈ急性毒性要比Ｃｄ的大，且Ｈｇ、Ｃｄ对黑褐新糠虾的９６ｈ急性毒性要比阿匍虾虎鱼的大。     

连续式泡沫分离器深度处理胶团强化超滤渗透液中的SDS和Cd2+

利用泡沫分离技术,对胶团强化超滤(MEUF)工艺处理含SDS和Cd2 所得渗透液中SDS的回收进行了研究,考察了影响表面活性剂SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)和金属Cd2 去除率,富集率及夹带率的操作参数(空气流速、泡沫高度、液面高度),溶液体系性质(表面活性剂SDS进料浓度、pH值、离子强度和乙醇的添加量)等因素对分离效果的影响.实验结果表明,当胶团强化超滤废水中初始SDS和Cd2 的浓度为1440 mg·L-1和50 mg·L-1时,排出的渗透液中含SDS和Cd2 浓度分别为500 mg·L-1和10 mg·L-1,在最佳的工艺条件下(曝气头孔径为10μm,空气流速为100L·h-1,液体流速为5L·h-1,泡沫高度为66cm,液面高度为45cm),SDS和Cd2 的去除率分别达52%和99.35%,SDS富集比为3.1.Cd2 出水浓度低于0.1 mg·L-1,达到GB8978-1996国家污水排放标准.     

Remediation performance and mechanisms of Cu and Cd contaminated water and soil using Mn/Al-layered double oxide-loaded biochar

The combined pollution of heavy metals is ubiquitous worldwide. Mn/Al-layered double oxide-loaded crab shells biochar (LDO/BC) was prepared, so as to remediate the combined pollution of Cd and Cu in soil and water. The pristine and used LDO/BC were characterized and the results revealed that the layered double oxide was successfully loaded on crab shells biochar (BC) and metal element Ca in crab shells was beneficial to the formation of more regular layered and flake structure. The maximal adsorption capacity (Q_m) of LDO/BC for aqueous Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was 66.23 and 73.47 mg/g, respectively. LDO/BC and BC were used to remediate e-waste-contaminated soil for the first time and exhibited highly efficient performance. The extraction amount of Cu and Cd in the contaminated soil by diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) after treating with 5% LDO/BC was significantly reduced from 819.84 to 205.95 mg/kg (with passivation rate 74.8%) and 8.46 to 4.16 mg/kg (with passivation rate 50.8%), respectively, inferring that the bioavailability of heavy metals declined remarkably. The experimental result also suggested that after remediation by LDO/BC the exchangeable and weak acid soluble Cu and Cd in soil translated to reducible, residual and oxidizable fraction which are more stable state. Precipitation, complexation and ion exchange were proposed as the possible mechanisms for Cd and Cu removal. In general, these experiment results indicate that LDO/BC can be a potentially effective reagent for remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soil.     

城市污泥中水溶态镉的研究

将城市污泥区分为水溶态、胶体、生物絮凝态和颗粒态四种组分。用方波阳极溶出伏安法对其中具有直接毒性和生物有效性的水溶态Cd进行了分析,结果表明:水溶态Cd的含量为0.21mg/kg,其中电化学活性态含量较多占52.7%,可交换态含量较少占14.9%;两种形态Cd的含量随浸提时间和温度的变化基本一致并且呈一定的规律性。利用方波阳极溶出伏安法测定城市污泥中水溶态痕量金属有很高的灵敏度,检测限可低至10-10mol/L,并且在一定程度上能获得与金属毒性的一致性。     

Influence of Phenanthrene on Cadmium Toxicity to Soil Enzymes and Microbial Growth (5 pp)

Background Many contaminated sites contain a variety of toxicants. Risk assessment and the development of soil quality criteria therefore require information on the interaction among toxicants. Interactions between heavy metals are relatively well studied, but little is known about those between heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Methods 0.1 mg/kg dry soil phenanthrene alone or phenanthrene plus 10 mg/kg cadmium (Cd) were added to soil to determine the influence of phenanthrene on Cd toxicity to soil enzymes (invertase, urease, dehydrogenase and phosphatase) and microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and actinomycete) in paddy soil. Results and Discussion 0.1 mg/kg phenanthrene did not reduce the number of microorganisms. However, the addition of phenanthrene to soil with Cd enhanced the Cd toxicity to soil enzymes and microorganisms. This deleterious effect was seen to mainly affect the growth of fungi and the activity of invertase, urease and dehydrogenase. The order of combined inhibition of Cd and phenanthrene was fungi>bacteria>actinomycete. Conclusion The presence of phenanthrene might enhance the toxicity of Cd to soil microorganisms. Phenanthrene can easily be used by the soil actinomycetes as a source of carbon and energy and the finding may be supportive to the development of bioremediation techniques.     

Heavy metal pollution in China: Origin,pattern and control

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Heavy metal is among one of the pollutants, which cause severe threats to humans and the environment in China. The aim of the present review is to make information on the source of heavy metal pollution, distribution of heavy metals in the environment, and measures of pollution control accessible internationally, which are mostly published in Chinese. METHODS: Information from scientific journals, university journals and governmental releases are compiled focusing mainly on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Partly Al, As, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Ni a included also in part as well. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In soil, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.097, 22.6, 26.0 and 74.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the water of the Yangtze River Basin, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.080, 7.91, 15.7 and 18.7 microg/L, respectively. In reference to human activities, the heavy metal pollution comes from three sources: industrial emission, wastewater and solid waste. The environment such as soil, water and air were polluted by heavy metals in some cases. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn even reach 3.16, 99.3, 84.1 and 147 mg/kg, respectively, in the soils of a wastewater irrigation zone. These contaminants pollute drinking water and food, and threaten human health. Some diseases resulting from pollution of geological and environmental origin, were observed with long-term and non-reversible effects. CONCLUSIONS: In China, the geological background level of heavy metal is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health through the food chain. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: To remediate and improve environmental quality is a long strategy for the polluted area to keep humans and animals healthy. Phytoremediation would be an effective technique to remediate the heavy metal pollutions.     

优势菌种活细胞对天然水体中Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附

通过对天然水环境———伊通河中优势菌种活细胞吸附Pb2 、Cd2 的研究发现 :pH对Pb2 、Cd2 吸附的影响是不同的 ,对Pb2 的吸附量在 pH =5 .0～ 7.0时变化不大 ,对Cd2 的吸附量在 pH =6 .0～ 8.0时变化不大 ;温度对活细胞吸附Pb2 、Cd2 影响明显不同 ;活细胞对Pb2 、Cd2 的吸附量随着细菌密度的增加而增大 ,随着渗透压的增大而降低 .图 5表 1参 8