土壤中佳乐麝香和镉污染对苗期小麦生长及其污染物积累的影响

选用潮土和褐土2种理化性质不同的土壤,采用室外盆栽实验,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)为供试植物,研究了佳乐麝香(HHCB)和镉(Cd)复合污染对小麦植株生物量及污染物在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响.结果表明,在2种土壤中小麦植株地上和地下部分的干重变化顺序均为,单一HHCB污染土壤＞HHCB-Cd复合污染土壤＞单一Cd污染土壤.潮土中HHCB在小麦植株各部分的累积量高于褐土,且潮土中Cd对HHCB在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响与褐土中不同.潮土中的单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积量顺序为：根＞茎＞叶;Cd能够显著促进HHCB在小麦根部的累积,而对HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积则起抑制作用,抑制率最高可达44.07%.褐土中单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎和叶中的累积顺序为：根>叶>茎;Cd对HHCB在小麦根部累积的影响不显著,但是中高浓度Cd却可显著促进HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积,促进率最高可达35.95%.潮土中Cd在小麦植株各部分的累积量低于褐土,但2种土壤中HHCB均能够明显促进Cd在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积.潮土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为30.84%、61.82% 和61.82%,褐土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为 41.53%、184.16% 和206.18%,可见褐土中HHCB对Cd在小麦植株中累积的促进作用强于潮土.     

Potential of Pteris vittata L. for phytoremediation of sites co-contaminated with cadmium and arsenic： The tolerance and accumulation

Field investigation and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the tolerance of Pteris vittata L. （Chinese brake） to cadmium （Cd） and its feasibility for remediating sites co-contaminated with Cd and arsenic （As）. The results showed that P. vittata could survive in pot soils spiked with 80 mg/kg of Cd and tolerated as great as 301 mg/kg of total Cd and 26.8 mg/kg of diethyltriaminepenta acetic acid （DTPA）-extractable Cd under field conditions. The highest concentration of Cd in fronds was 186 mg/kg under a total soil concentration of 920 mg As/kg and 98.6 mg Cd/kg in the field, whereas just 2.6 mg/kg under greenhouse conditions. Ecotypes of P. vittata were differentiated in tolerance and accumulation of Cd, and some of them could not only tolerate high concentrations of soil Cd, but also accumulated high concentrations of Cd in their fronds. Arsenic uptake and transportation by P. vittata was not inhibited at lower levels （〈20 mg/kg） of Cd addition. Compared to the treatment without addition of Cd, the frond As concentration was increased by 103.8% at 20 mg Cd/kg, with the highest level of 6434 mg/kg. The results suggested that the Cd-tolerant ecotype of P. vittata extracted effectively As and Cd from the site co-contaminated with Cd and As, and might be used to remediate and revegetate this type of site.     

Effects of Cd（Ⅱ） and Cu（Ⅱ） on microbial characteristics in 2-chlorophenol-degradation anaerobic bioreactors

The effects of Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ at 300 mg/L on anaerobic microbial communities that degrade 2-cholorophenol （2-CP） were examined. Based on the polymerase chain reaction （PCR） of 16S rDNA, bacterial community diversity and archaeal community structure were analyzed with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and cloning, respectively. Degradation capabilities of the anaerobic microbial community were drastically abated and the degradation efficiency of 2-CP was reduced to 60% after shock by Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋, respectively. The bacterial community structure was disturbed and the biodiversity was reduced after shock by Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋ for 3 d. Some new metal-resistant microbes which could cope with the new condition appeared. The sequence analysis showed that there existed common Archaea species in control sludge and systems when treated with Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋, such as Methanothrix soehngenii, Methanosaeta concilii, uncultured euryarchaeote, and so on. Both the abundance and diversity of archaeal species were altered with addition of Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ at high concentration. Although the abundance of the predominant archaeal species decreased with Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ addition for 3 d, they recovered to some extent after 10 d. The diversity of archaeal species was remarkably reduced after recovery for 10 d and the shift in archaeal composition seemed to be irreversible. The 2-CP-degradation anaerobic system was more sensitive to Cu^2＋ than Cd^2＋.     

Influences of Cu or Cd on the neurotoxicity induced by petroleum hydrocarbons in ragworm Perinereis aibuhitensis

The ecotoxicological effects of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons （PHCs） on ragworms are still vague. The relationships between toxicological indices （mortality and acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity） and concentrations of toxicants （Cu, Cd, and PHCs） were examined in the estuary keystone species Perinereis aibuhitensis in laboratory conditions. The results of single toxicant indicated that three toxicants had potentially physiological toxicity to P. aibuhitensis. The estimated 4-d and 10-d LC50 for Cu, Cd, and PHCs was derived from the relationships between mortality and toxicants concentrations. Notable changes in the morphological signs and symptoms of P. aibuhitensis exposed to PHCs were observed. The ACHE activity of P. aibuhitensis was more sensitive to the toxicity of PHCs than the others. The results of combined toxicants implied that the combined toxicity of Cu or Cd and PHCs to P. aibuhitensis was related to the concentration combination of toxicants. Compared to single PHCs treatment, the addition of Cu or Cd significantly mitigated the neurotoxicity of PHCs to ACHE activity in P. aibuhitensis, which showed an antagonistic effect.     

超微粉碎米糠吸附水中镉的研究

研究了超微粉碎米糠的用量、溶液温度、镉离子浓度、溶液pH值和吸附时间等影响因子对超微粉碎米糠吸附水中Cd性能的影响。实验结果表明,超微粉碎米糠对水中Cd具有很好的吸附效果,吸附率达90％以上。其最佳吸附条件为：超微粉碎米糠用量5s／L,温度30℃,pH=3,Cd质量浓度低于20mg／L,吸附时间30min。     

电解法回收胶团强化超滤(MEUF)浓缩液中的Cd2+

胶团强化超滤是基于表面活性剂的双亲分子结构特性去除水中金属离子的新方法.重金属离子废水经胶团强化超滤处理后的浓缩液中含有高浓度的重金属离子,需进一步处理.采用电解法回收胶团强化超滤浓缩液中的Cd2+,考察了电极种类、电压、电解时间、pH、SDS与Cd2+浓度比等5个条件对电解效率的影响.研究发现,表面活性剂对电解有一定的阻化作用.实验得到最佳条件为:不锈钢(阳极)-石墨(阴极),U为2.8 V,电解时间为100 min,pH为4,[SDS]/[Cd2+]=5([SDS]=8.5 mmol/L恒定).在此条件下,浓缩液中的Cd2+的回收率达到了50.26%.     

螯合剂和泥炭对苎麻吸收土壤镉的影响

通过生物盆栽试验研究了施用螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)与泥炭对强化苎麻修复重金属镉污染土壤的作用.结果表明,施加泥炭能改善土壤的理化性质,增加苎麻的生物产量,泥炭单施、螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的组合措施的相对产量分别为1.23、1.13和1.41,因此泥炭和柠檬酸配施处理更有利于植物生长.就植物吸收镉能力来说,螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的配施处理能更好地促进苎麻对镉的吸收,其土壤交换态镉所占镉形态质量分数为61.6%和58.3%,具有强化植物修复的效果.螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭2种组合方式的地上部富集系数分别为1.33和1.32,大于单施(EDTA、柠檬酸和泥炭)处理1.11、1.11和1.05,具有较好的富集效应,同时螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的组合处理对土壤镉的净化率分别达到了1.13%和1.22%,而柠檬酸和泥炭配施具有较大的生物量,使植株总镉量略高于EDTA与泥炭的组合处理,因而更有利于镉污染土壤的修复.因此,利用螯合剂和泥炭的组合修复措施对强化苎麻修复镉污染土壤能取得更佳的效果.     

微波消解石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中的铅和镉

用微波消解石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法(GFAAS)测定土壤中的铅、镉含量,通过硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸体系进行土壤样品微波消解,加入磷酸二氢铵基体改进剂消除干扰,该方法具有分析速度快、测定结果的精确度和精密度高、节省人力等特点。     

累托石/腐殖酸微球对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附及动力学研究

采用累托石、腐殖酸、海藻酸钠、氯化钙和聚乙烯醇等材料制备微球状吸附剂去除水中镉离子。考察了微球用量、吸附时间、pH值等因素对吸附效果的影响,测定了吸附等温线,对吸附动力规律进行了探讨。结果表明,在本研究条件下,微球用量、温度和吸附时间对水中镉离子的吸附效果有显著性影响,但溶液pH值对吸附效果的影响并不显著。最优吸附条件为:温度25℃、溶液pH为6,吸附时间6h、微球用量为0.025g/mL。等温吸附规律可用Freundlich和Langmuir模式较好地模拟,吸附呈单分子层形式,吸附性能良好,吸附易于进行。吸附动力学规律遵循Lagergren准一级和Elovich动力学模型。     

基于微分代数方法的生物除磷模型参数结构可识别性研究

通过将微分代数方法应用于异养菌生长Monod模型和生物除磷亚模型参数结构可识别性研究,探讨了该方法的适用性.结果表明,本研究提出的算法计算过程清晰、系统化,可以实现计算机编程自动运算;在文献中方法很难进行生物除磷亚模型参数结构可识别性研究时,采用本算法也能得出结果.本研究为活性污泥模型参数结构可识别性研究提供新的方法,并对除磷过程参数估计优化实验的设计有重要的指导意义.