硫铁比对再生水深度脱氮除磷的影响

为了考察硫铁比对反硝化脱氮同步除磷效果的影响,进行了不同硫铁比的反硝化脱氮除磷静态实验,并对复合填料系统反硝化脱氮同步除磷作用进行了分析.结果表明,硫铁复合填料的脱氮除磷效果均显著高于单一填料;硫铁比是影响复合填料反硝化脱氮除磷效果的一个关键因素,当硫铁比(体积比)大于等于1∶1时,TN、TP去除率分别达到了85%和97%以上.复合填料脱氮除磷过程均满足二级动力学方程,系统脱氮作用主要依赖于异养反硝化和硫自养反硝化过程,而除磷主要由于海绵铁腐蚀产生的化学除磷作用.     

高架道路周边建筑物灰尘重金属污染风险:以常州市为例

在常州环城高架道路两侧6个住宅小区不同楼层采集126个灰尘样品,测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量,分析其化学形态和垂直分布特征,采用富集系数和风险评价指数评价其污染程度和生物有效性,并进行潜在生态风险评价和健康风险评价.结果表明,灰尘中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量均值分别为181.95、709.99、211.24、2.76、101.59和257.55mg·kg-1,均远大于背景值.灰尘中Cd的富集系数为33.05,富集程度为强烈,Cu、Pb和Zn的富集程度为显著富集,它们可能受到自然源、交通源和区域废气传输的综合影响,Ni和Cr富集系数较低,可能主要受自然源影响.随楼层高度的上升,Cd含量呈增加趋势,Pb和Zn含量呈先增加后降低趋势,Cu含量无显著变化.Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb主要以活性态存在,生物有效性较高,Ni和Cr以残渣态为主,生物有效性较低.改进的潜在生态风险评价结果表明,Cd的潜在生态风险极高,对多元素的潜在生态风险起主导作用,且对高层楼的潜在生态风险较大,其它重金属潜在生态风险为中低级.健康风险评价结果表明,Cr对儿童的致癌风险超过安全阈值,其它重金属对成人与儿童致癌风险及非致癌风险均在安全域之内.     

重庆市主城区大气细颗粒物污染特征与来源解析

重庆市主城区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度从1990s的100μg·m~(-3)下降至当前的约70μg·m~(-3),但仍高于环境标准限值.为探讨重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)化学组成与来源特征,于2012—2013年在渝北区大气超级站利用四通道采样仪连续采集了颗粒物样品,分析了其中水溶性离子、碳质组分和无机元素含量.采样期间,重庆市主城区大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的年日均浓度分别为103.9和75.3μg·m~(-3),扩散条件不利的冬季,细颗粒物污染较为严重.受静稳天气影响的1月和2月,受沙尘影响的3月,及二次转化显著的6月是重庆市细颗粒物污染较重的月份.重庆市PM_(2.5)组成以有机物(OM,30.8%)为主,其次为硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-),23.0%)、硝酸盐(NO_3~-,11.7%)、铵盐(NH_4~+,10.9%)、地壳物质(Soil,8.2%)、元素碳(EC,5.2%)、K~+(1.1%)、Cl~-(1.0%)和微量元素(Trace,0.6%).较高的SO_4~(2-)浓度和逐步上升的[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]比值反映了重庆市燃煤污染较重,同时机动车污染比例逐步增加.采用主因子分析/绝对主因子得分法解析了重庆城区细颗粒物5类主要来源是:二次粒子(41.7%)、燃煤(15.6%)、建筑/道路尘(12.4%)、土壤尘(11.0%)和工业尘(10.4%),通过各污染源季节变化及与其他结果对比,该源解析结果能够较可靠反映重庆市细颗粒物的来源信息.     

云南白秧坪铜银矿床Cu、Ag迁移形式探讨

在野外地质研究的基础上,采用地球化学热力学方法研究了Cu、Ag的迁移形式。研究结果表明,铜在热液中主要以CuCl42-、Cu(H2O)42+、Cu(S2O3)46-、CuS46-、Cu(HS)42-、Cu(SbS3)410-形式迁移;银在热液中主要以AgCl2-、Ag(S2O3)23-、Ag(HS)2-、AgS23-、Ag(SbS3)25-形式迁移。铜银矿床是在含矿热液物理化学条件发生改变的情况下铜银化合物发生解析作用而成。     

化学性大气污染的植物修复技术

大气污染的植物修复技术是一种安全可靠的环境污染治理技术,也是目前大气污染研究的热点课题.介绍了植物对化学性大气污染物的吸附、吸收、同化、降解、转化等修复机理,并指出了其研究方向.     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

高压热水液化厨余垃圾的可行性研究

以高压热水为反应媒体处理厨余垃圾,得到液、气、固3种产物,并用GC-MS、GC-TCD和元素分析的方法对产物进行了表征。结果表明该技术处理厨余垃圾在实现减量化（达90.6%）和无害化的同时,可以达到资源化的目的。得出最优反应条件为：反应温度400℃,压力21.2 MPa,反应时间为40 min,优化的条件下固、液、气3种产物收率分别为21.5%、55.0%和5.2%。此外,对主要典型产物的形成机理进行了探讨。     

A study of climate change and anthropogenic impacts in West Africa

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: During the last decades ecological conditions in West Africa have dramatically changed. Very evident is the climate change, which has resulted in a southward shift of the climate zones, e.g. a spread of the desert (Sahara) into the Sahelian zone. After the drought period of the early 1970s and 1980s, livestock density increased resulting in an intensification of grazing pressure. This anthropogenous phenomenon leads to similar landscape changes as those caused by the climate. Only very few investigations exist on vegetation dynamics, climate changes and land use changes for the Sudanian zone. The paper presents data on changes of precipitation, of land use, of the geographical range of species, and of the composition of the flora, which have to be regarded as proofs of the sahelisation of large areas of the Sudanian zone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Area of investigation: Burkina Faso. Precipitation data analysis: precipitation data from 67 stations; time series analysis and geo-statistical spatial interpolation. Analysis of land use change: Landsat satellite MSS and ETM+ data, acquired for two different dates between 1972 and 2001 analyzed by the software ERDAS/IMAGINE version 8.6 and ArcView 3.2 with the Spatial Analyst extension. Intensive ground truthing (160 training areas). Inventory of the flora: based on the data of the Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR) in Frankfurt, Germany, and of the herbarium of the university of Ouagadougou (OUA), Burkina Faso, as well as on various investigations on the vegetation of Burkina Faso carried out in the years 1990 to 2005 by the team of the senior author. Life form analysis of the flora: based on the inventory of permanent plots. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Precipitation: Remarkable latitudinal shift of isohyets towards the South translates to a general reduction of average rainfall in great parts of the country. The last decade (1990-1999) shows some improvement, however, the more humid conditions of the 1950's and 1960's are not yet established again. Landcover change: In the study region the extent of arable fields and young fallows increased during the last 30 years from 580 km(2) in 1972 to 2870 km(2) in 2001. This means an average land cover conversion rate of 0.9% per year for the 6 departments considered. Change of the distribution of Sahelian and Sudanian species: Several species, mentioned in older literature as strictly Sahelian, today also occur in the Sudanian zone. Parallel to the spread of former strictly Sahelian species into the Sudanian zone, some former Sahelo-Sudanian species have withdrawn from the Sahel. Changes of the life form spectra of the flora: Considering their life form spectra, the flora of heavily grazed and of protected areas in the Sudanian zone show great differences. On areas intensively grazed the percentage of therophytes is evidently higher than on protected areas. Just the opposite is true for the phanerophytes. Their percentage is higher on the protected area than on the grazed zones. At the first glance, it is obvious to link the changes in flora and vegetation with the climate changes that have occurred during the last five decades (decrease of annual precipitation). However, not only climatic conditions have changed, but also population has increased, the percentage of land intensively used for agriculture and pasturing has increased and the time for soil regeneration today is much shorter than it was some decades ago. Thus, the landscape of the Sudanian zone has become a more Sahelian character. A comparison of the flora of an intensively used area of the Sudanian zone with that of a protected area shows a remarkable change in the life form spectra. The spectrum of the intensively used area is almost identical with that of the typical Sahelian flora. This comparison shows that the anthropogenic influence plays a greater role in the sahelisation of the Sudanian zone than the climate change. CONCLUSION: Climate change and anthropogenic influence both, lead to a sahelisation of landscape and flora. Thus in many parts of the Sudanian zone of West Africa sahelisation phenomena will remain and even increase independently from the reestablishment of the more humid climate conditions of the 1950ies. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In order to maintain some parts of the characteristic Sudanian landscape with its characteristic flora and vegetation, the number and size of protected areas should be augmented. For all protected areas it has to be ensured, that protection is reality, i.e. respected an understood by local people, not only fiction. As long as the enlargement of intensively used areas continues the sahelisation of flora, vegetation and landscape will continue too.     

芳香酸稀溶液的络合萃取研究

络合萃取法分离极性有机物稀溶液具有高效性和高选择性。本文利用三辛胺或磷酸三丁酯为络合剂,四氯化碳、三氯甲烷、正辛醇或煤油为稀释剂,实验测定了苯甲酸、邻硝基苯甲酸稀溶液的萃取相平衡分配系数,讨论了影响因素。     

川莓的化学成分

川莓 (ＲｕｂｕｓｓｅｔｃｈｕｅｎｅｎｓｉｓＢｕｒ .ｅｔＦｒａｎｃｈ .)为蔷薇科 (Ｒｏｓａｃｅａｅ)悬钩子属植物 ,分布于两湖和西南地区 ,其根和叶可用于治疗痨伤吐血、咳血、月经不调等[1] .该植物的化学成分还未见报道 ,我们将其根和叶用甲醇室温提取 ,提取物经硅胶柱层析分离纯化得到的 5个化合物 ,经波谱分析和与标准品对照分别鉴定为草莓苷Ｆ1(ｋａｊｉ ｉｃｈｉｇｏｓｉｄｅＦ1,1)、( ) 表儿茶素 ( 2 )、胡萝卜苷 6′ 棕榈油酸酯 ( 3)、胡萝卜苷 ( 4 )和β 谷甾醇 ( 5) .1　实验部分1 .1　仪器、材料和样品ＮＭＲ谱用Ｂｒｕｋ…