The pollution release and transfer register system in the U.S. and Japan: an analysis of productivity

This study analyzes Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which includes all categories of productivity. Our measure investigates productivity in the context of the provision and dissemination of environmental information policies. We investigated data on the emission of toxic chemical substances for the U.S. and Japanese manufacturing firms, including 386 firms for the period 1999-2007 and 466 firms for the period 2001-2008. The results show that productivity improved in all nine industrial sectors and that pollution levels were high in the U.S. and Japan from 2001 to 2007. In particular, the electronics industry improved rapidly after 2002 in both countries, which may be attributed to the enforcement of RoHS and the REACH directive in Europe. As a result of these stringent policies on toxic chemical emissions, the U.S. and Japanese firms, many of which export to the European market, have strong incentives to reduce their toxic chemical emissions.     

Mechanism and kinetics study on the ozonolysis reaction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the atmosphere

The ozonolysis of 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(2,3,7,8-TCDD) is an efcient degradation way in the atmosphere. The ozonolysis process and possible reactions path of Criegee Intermediates with NO and H2 O are introduced in detail at the method of MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p)//MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p) level. In ozonolysis, H2O is an important source of OH radical formation and initiated the subsequent degradation reaction. The Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus(RRKM) theory was applied to calculate rate constants with the temperature ranging from 200 to 600 K. The rate constant of reaction between 2,3,7,8-TCDD and O3 is 4.80 × 10 20cm3/(mole·sec) at 298 K and 760 Torr. The atmospheric lifetime of the reaction species was estimated according to rate constants, which is helpful for the atmospheric model study on the degradation and risk assessment of dioxin.     

Effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater using moving bed biofilm reactor

Nitrogen removal via nitrite （the nitrite pathway） is more suitable for carbon-limited industrial wastewater. Partial nitrification to nitrite is the primary step to achieve nitrogen removal via nitrite. The effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in a continuous process was investigated by progressively increasing the alkalinity dosage ratio （amount of alkalinity to ammonia ratio, mol/mol）. There is a close relationship among alkalinity, pH and the state of matter present in aqueous solution. When alkalinity was insufficient （compared to the theoretical alkalinity amount）, ammonia removal efficiency increased first and then decreased at each alkalinity dosage ratio, with an abrupt removal efficiency peak. Generally, ammonia removal efficiency rose with increasing alkalinity dosage ratio. Ammonia removal efficiency reached to 88% from 23% when alkalinity addition was sufficient. Nitrite accumulation could be achieved by inhibiting nitrite oxidizing bacteria （NOB） by free ammonia （FA） in the early period and free nitrous acid in the later period of nitrification when alkalinity was not adequate. Only FA worked to inhibit the activity of NOB when alkalinity addition was sufficient.     

沙蚕生物扰动对河口沉积物中菲释放的影响

生物扰动是一个重要沉积物-水界面过程,影响沉积物中污染物的归趋.为了探究生物扰动对沉积物中多环芳烃释放的影响.在室内进行30 d的沙蚕生物扰动对河口沉积物中菲释放的影响实验.结果表明,相对于对照,生物扰动提高水体中颗粒态菲达到2.96~10.35倍,溶解态菲为9.55~17.44倍.由此可见,沙蚕的生物扰动极大的促进了沉积物中菲向水体释放.在生物扰动处理中,两种形态的菲所占比例不同,其中溶解态菲占释放总量的80%以上,表明沙蚕的生物扰动主要是提高水体中溶解态菲.由于溶解态菲能被生物所利用,通过食物链威胁人类健康.因此,沙蚕生物扰动造成的沉积物中的污染物释放具有潜在的生态风险.     

北京市PM_(2.5)的研究进展

PM2.5是指大气中动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物,也称为可入肺颗粒物。北京的大气污染是我国在快速发展过程中出现的典型的城市大气环境问题的代表,具有明显的烟煤型污染与光化学污染相结合的复合型污染特征,北京市PM2.5的污染已经相当严重。为了进一步研究北京市PM2.5的特性,对北京市PM2.5的污染特征、化学组成、源解析方面进行探讨,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

油茶果壳改性生物炭吸附性能及其耦合淹水对土壤Cd形态影响

研究选取湖南典型农业废弃物油茶果壳为原材料,尝试采用Na2Si03溶液浸泡油茶果壳粉末方法,制备改性生物炭(MBC),并开展不同生物炭材料对溶液中镉(Cd)的吸附与其耦合淹水对土壤中Cd的活性阻控性能研究.用扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积测试(BET)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等表征手段对生物炭的物理化学性质进行分析....     

不同阴离子对水溶性磷酸盐稳定污染土壤中重金属的影响

在重金属污染土壤中加入磷酸盐是稳定重金属的有效方法.本研究的目的是探讨不同阴离子对水溶性磷酸盐稳定污染土壤铅、镉和锌的影响.在重金属复合污染土壤(全铅、镉和锌的含量分别为2337、21.4和391 mg·kg^-1)中按P:Pb=2:1 (mol:mol)加入磷酸二氢钙,之后按P:阴离子=3:1或3:2 (mol:mol)加入盐酸、氯化钠、硫酸、硫酸钠或氟化钠,并设置只加磷酸盐、不加其它试剂的对照,培养55 d,之后测定土壤性质.结果表明,与对照相比,HCl处理、2HCl处理、NaCl处理和2NaCl处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量下降比例依次为5.72%、9.29%、6.38%和8.80%(p<0.05),加入硫酸、硫酸钠的处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量与对照无显著差异(p>0.05),而加入氟化钠的处理升高4.70%(p<0.05).加入盐酸或氯化钠的处理土壤镉有效性显著高于对照(升高5.24%~12.8%)(p<0.05),其它处理对DTPA-Cd含量无显著影响(p>0.05).各处理对土壤DTPA-Zn含量和pH影响较小,但均引起土壤电导率明显升高.以上结果表明,氯离子可促进水溶性磷酸盐对土壤铅的稳定,但可促进镉有效性.氯磷酸铅的生成是加氯情况下磷酸盐稳定铅的重要机制.     

超滤膜深度处理煤制气废水的化学清洗研究

用实验室自制超滤膜系统深度处理煤制气废水。采用扫描电镜和能谱分析比较了质量为一定浓度均为0．5％的NaC10溶液（有效氯为5％）、NaOH溶液,HCl溶液对污染膜丝内表面滤饼层的静态浸泡效果。为进一步确定不同清洗剂的化学清洗效果,选用质量浓度为0．25％的NaOH溶液和0．25％的NaCl0溶液对污染膜组件进行了手动化学清洗并通过过滤纯水确定清洗效率。结果显示,NaC10溶液和NaOH溶液对滤饼层分别具有溶解和剥离作用,从而对滤饼层起到了去除作用;能谱分析显示采用这两种清洗剂后的膜丝内表面元素组成与原膜较为接近,SEM分析则显示二者在去除滤饼层的同时对膜袁面性状均有一定程度的改变;而经HCl溶液浸泡后的膜丝滤饼层未见去除,能谱分析显示此时膜丝内表面的元素组成与原膜有显著差异。手动化学清洗结果进一步显示,0．25％的NaCl0溶液对膜组件的清洗效率可达到97％。     

昆阳磷矿复垦土壤细菌群落特征与理化因子的相关性分析

通过对昆阳磷矿不同年限和不同植被的矿山恢复土壤进行土壤理化性状和微生物的相关研究,探讨影响微生物多样性和物种分布的关键环境因子,为理解微生物、植物和土壤环境之间的复杂关系提供帮助。     

干湿交替灌溉制度下纳米修复材料对杂交籼稻籽粒Cd累积及产量的影响

干湿交替灌溉具有节水高产特性,但在重金属Cd污染稻田,干湿交替灌溉常导致稻米Cd含量＞0.20 mg·kg-1,通过添加钝化剂可能对水分高效利用及优质稻米生产具有显著的调控效应.为此,本研究以吸收能力较强的籼型亚种为试材,在前期筛选出的高积累品种(深两优1813)和低积累品种(两优6206)基础上,于Cd轻度污染稻田设...