水泥窑共处置废农药生命周期评价研究

国内在水泥窑共处置废农药方面的研究处于起步阶段. 通过开展试烧试验,以生命周期评价方法(LCA)为研究手段, 对水泥窑共处置废农药技术的环境影响进行评价,并与危险废物的其他处置方法做比较,以处置1 kg危险废物为功能单位. 结果表明,常规危险废物焚烧的综合环境负荷指数为1.428 4×10-12 a-1, 而水泥窑中共处置废农药的综合环境负荷指数为0.183 9×10-12 a-1,远低于常规危险废物焚烧.      

湿地植物对污水中氮、磷去除效果的试验研究

采用室内试验和现场试验考察了黄花鸢尾、水葱和梭鱼草3种挺水植物对类污水处理厂二级出水中氮、磷的吸收速率、吸收容量和吸收贡献。结果表明:短期内,各种湿地植物污水中氮、磷的吸收速率比较稳定,但在整个生长周期内,各种植物对氮、磷的吸收速率却有较大变化,4月份,水葱对氮、磷的吸收速率最大,8月份,梭鱼草对氮、磷的吸收速率最大。在整个生长期内,黄花鸢尾对氮、磷的吸收容量一直保持最大,在10月下旬分别达到21.5和4.16 g/m2,因此其对二级出水中氮、磷去除的吸收贡献也最大,分别为30%和73%。这表明湿地植物的选择不仅要考查其对污染物的吸收速率,更要关注其对污染物的吸收容量,并且湿地植物的吸收作用对类二级出水中氮、磷的去除具有更加重要的意义。     

煤矸石风化物不同粒级中重金属镉含量及其形态变化

对抚顺西露天矿煤矸石山表层煤矸石风化母岩进行多点取样,风化物筛分成>2 mm、2～0.25 mm和<0.25 mm等3个粒级,分析测定了矸石山表层母岩及其风化物不同粒级中Cd含量及其形态变化特征.结果表明:煤矸石母岩及其风化物中cd含量超过土壤环境质量2级标准,页岩、泥岩及其风化物pH值7.2～8.6,但燃后泥岩pH值4.9.碳质页岩2～0.25 mm粒级风化物中Cd损失最多,为73.6%;<0.25 mm细粒级Cd损失较少,为17.0%,这与细颗粒的表面吸附作用有关;泥岩及其各粒级风化物Cd元素不易损失,其Cd含量变化也相对较小;但燃后泥岩风化物中的Cd较容易损失.煤矸石风化物各样品类型中的Cd均以残渣态为主,可还原态和弱酸可提取态所占比例次之,可氧化态所占比例最小.弱酸可提取态Cd在细颗粒风化物中所占比例较高.     

Impact of bias in predicted height on tree volume estimation: A case-study of intrinsic nonlinearity

Bias originating from intrinsic nonlinearity in nonlinear models is caused by excess curvature in the solution locus of parameter estimates derived from least squares procedures. Bias due to intrinsic nonlinearity varies according to sample size as well as model specification. This paper analyses consequences of fractionising data into smaller sub-samples. Based on measurements of stem diameter and total tree height from the first Danish national forest inventory, it is demonstrated how data splitting at random may cause the intrinsic nonlinear curvature to exceed the critical F-value. Application of a Taylor-series expansion shows that, for all practical purposes, the bias in predictions of individual tree volume (based on stem diameter and tree height) is negligible. To minimize residual variance, intrinsic curvature and, in turn, prediction bias, it is recommended that data be stratified according to site conditions, stand characteristics or other relevant criteria. Finally, the preferred model should exhibit close-to-linear behaviour.     

土壤中锁定残留芘在体外消化系统中的生物可给性（Oral Bioaccessibility of Bound Residue of Pyrene in Contamination Soils Determined by an in Vitro Gastrointestinal Model）

体外消化过程可能导致土壤中憎水有机污染物提取量增加.论文采用3种有机质含量不同的土壤进行体外消化实验,目的在于验证如下假设:土壤中部分锁定残留芘可以在人体消化系统中释放出来,若不考虑这部分贡献,常规提取方式获得的土壤污染浓度可能低估污染土壤口摄风险.研究结果证实:经体外消化的土壤的总芘提取量显著高于未经消化样品,其差别与土壤有机质含量有关.消化液中的胆汁盐是造成锁定残留芘释放的关键成份.在特定范围(2~20mg·mL-1)内,提取效率不受胆汁盐浓度影响.胆汁盐作用下锁定残留芘的释放为一次动力学过程.     

量子点环境暴露与细胞毒性效应研究进展

量子点作为一种新型的荧光标记物近年来已在生物学中得到广泛应用.同时,量子点材料的大规模生产和应用对人体健康与生态环境可能产生的不利影响也引起了人们的普遍关注.论文概括了量子点的暴露途径,综述了机体对量子点的吸收、量子点在生物体内的转移、积累和清除的作用方式,重点阐述了不同类型量子点细胞毒性等方面的研究进展,最后,在目前研究的基础上对量子点生物安全性研究的发展方向进行了展望.     

煤矸石中铅、铬、镉的溶出性能

以滕南煤田某煤矿风化煤矸石为研究对象,应用主成分分析法分析了煤矸石粒径对Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度的影响,应用回归分析法分析了浸溶时间与Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度的关系特征。实验结果表明：模拟湿地浸溶条件下,煤矸石中Pb,Cd,Cr溶出浓度均超出或接近Ⅲ类水体水质标准,对水环境存在污染风险;煤矸石粒径对Pb,Cd,Cr溶出浓度存在影响,粒径越小则Pb、Cr、Cd溶出浓度越大,粒径小于8.0 cm的煤矸石浸溶贡献较大。建立了表征Pb,Cr,Cd溶出浓度与浸溶时间对数（以10为底）关系的一元三次多项式回归方程,经检验均具有显著性。     

标准化作业确保人机两安全

通过研究作业过程 ,编制其标准化作业程序 ,使人、机、料、环 4个环节和谐统一 ,作业程序化、规范化。达到预防事故的目地 ,确保安全生产     

Integrated measures for preservation, restoration and improvement of the environmental conditions of the Lagoon Olho d'Água basin

The Lagoon Olho d'Água in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil has received increasing environmental concern due to significant stress from pollution in the catchment. The existing environmental problems are the result of great pressure from a broad range of human activities, especially in the last 10 years. Serious pollution exists mainly from some industrial and urban activities, which increased intensively after the eighties. There is a strong social and economical pressure for housing and construction near the lagoon, due to the available land nearby beaches and estuarine zone, and recently by growing tourism activities. Uncontrolled land use by low-income communities and the pressure for construction by developers have led to landfilling and to deterioration of water quality in the lagoon catchment. Improvement of the environmental conditions in the catchment needs integrated measures. Guidelines and some specific actions involving several institutions have been established and refer to sanitation and urban infrastructure as the main priorities. A main target is the construction of low-cost sewage system with smaller and decentralised treatment plants.     

环境安全：21世纪人类面临的根本问题

本文从人类社会的可持续进步和国家的可持续发展两个层面,深层次地分析了环境安全问题的不可替代的重要性,并从理论和实践两个方面得出：第一,我国应将环境安全的保证能力作为综合国力的重要组成部分;第二,应将环境安全观作为指导我国21世纪两大战略-加入WTO和西部大开发的重要方针。