改良剂对Cd污染土壤中小白菜品质的影响

通过小白菜盆栽试验,以啤酒污泥、草木灰及其混合物作为土壤改良剂,以生物量、可溶性糖、维生素C和叶绿素含量为指标,研究了改良剂对小白菜品质的影响,并分析了土壤中Cd赋存形态的变化。结果表明,不同改良剂在性质和改良机制上存在差异,因此改良效果各不相同,其中啤酒污泥和草木灰的混合物的改良效果最好,其次是啤酒污泥,最后是草木灰。虽然3种改良剂均能降低小白菜茎叶中Cd含量和土壤中有效态(水溶态和可交换态)Cd含量,提高小白菜品质,但小白菜茎叶中Cd含量仍超过《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2005)规定的蔬菜中Cd限量值。     

Characterization of distribution of pesticide residues in crop units

The characteristic features of distribution of pesticide residues in crop units and single sample increments were studied based on more than 19,000 residue concentrations measured in root vegetables, leafy vegetables, small-, medium- and large-size fruits representing 20 different crops and 46 pesticides. Log-normal, gamma and Weibull distributions were found to provide the best fit for the relative frequency distributions of individual residue data sets. The overall best fit was provided by lognormal distribution. The relative standard deviation of residues (CV) in various crops ranged from 15–170%. The 100–120 residue values being in one data set was too small to identify potential effects of various factors such as the chemical and physical properties of pesticides and the nature of crops. Therefore, the average of CV values, obtained from individual data sets, were calculated and considered to be the best estimate for the likely variability of unit crop residues for treated field (CV = 0.8) and market samples (CV = 1.1), respectively. The larger variation of residues in market samples was attributed to the potential mixing of lots and varying proportion of non-detects. The expectable average variability of residues in composited samples can be calculated from the typical values taking into account the sample size.     

血粉对废水中镉离子的高效去除效应

以屠宰场废弃动物血液为原料,经高温干燥、粉碎为血粉,以此血粉为吸附剂,研究血粉添加量、溶液初始浓度、吸附温度、溶液pH、吸附时间对废水中Cd2+吸附量与去除率的影响。结果表明,在25℃、pH=5时,4 g血粉对初始浓度为20 mg·L-1的镉离子溶液（100 mL）振荡吸附2 h后,溶液中剩余镉离子浓度为0.1 mg·L-1,Cd2+的去除率为99.38%,达到污水综合排放标准（GB 8978-1996）中镉排放限值0.1 mg·L-1;血粉对镉离子的吸附反应符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,可决系数为0.999 7,Cd2+的理论饱和吸附量为10.24 mg·g-1。为了使剩余Cd2+浓度达到更低（电镀废水排放标准）,在吸附工艺上设计出2步吸附法,即第1次吸附后的混合液进行过滤,再将滤液加1 g血粉进行第2次吸附。结果表明,2步吸附法大大降低了溶液中剩余Cd2+离子浓度,即经过第1步、第2步吸附后,溶液中剩余Cd2+离子浓度降至0.006 mg·L-1,达到或低于电镀污染物排放标准（GB 21900-2008）对Cd2+的排放限值（0.05 mg·L-1）。这是常规吸附剂活性炭、石英砂、高岭土等所不能达到的技术指标,为废水去除Cd2+提供了一种可能的新技术。     

活性污泥和生物膜复合模型的建立与模拟

针对近年来出现的城市污水处理厂活性污泥和生物膜复合工艺,首先建立了能同时描述碳氧化、脱氮和除磷的修正ASM1（Activated Sludge Model No.1）,以及与ASM1中微生物生长过程速率方程结构形式相同、物理意义明确的生物膜模型。然后将该生物膜模型与修正的ASM1相结合,形成了活性污泥和生物膜复合模型,利用VB6.0编写了相应的模拟软件。以西安市第五污水处理厂复合工艺为对象,对其碳、氮和磷的去除进行模拟,结果表明该模型可以较好地反映出水各污染指标的变化规律。通过对进水流量、填料区的位置及填料区填料的投加率进行模拟,为填料区的优化和系统运行提出了建议。     

彩云湖湿地公园7种湿地植物吸氮纳磷能力在不同季节的比较研究

通过对7种湿地植物种植单元的进出口水质指标（TN、TP）、单位面积植物生物量、不同部位氮磷浓度及贮存量进行了测定,分析比较了各湿地植物在不同季节的吸氮纳磷能力。实验结果表明：7种植物种植单元氮平均去除率范围在44.00%~70.29%,磷的去除率范围在49.98%~70.85%;植物株高和生物量增长在不同季节存在明显差异,春夏季节植物株高和地上部分生物量增长速率最快;7种湿地植物相同部位的氮磷浓度存在差异,且同种植物的地上地下部分氮磷浓度也存在差异性。运用Two-way ANOVA分析表明,植物体内氮磷浓度受季节影响差异大于植物种间的差异;单位面积的地上部分氮磷贮存量显著高于地下部分,且不同植物间的氮磷贮存量也有显著差异。因此,根据植物的不同季节的氮磷贮存量可以明确适当的收割时期,并选择搭配不同组合模式,保证植物吸收在整个季节对人工湿地的较高贡献。     

气田甲醇污水处理装置的运行优化

针对延长气田采气一厂甲醇污水处理站运行中换热器/精馏塔塔板结垢严重、甲醇回收率低、处理后水水质不达标等问题,采用水质分析、结垢分析与工艺原因分析等方法,分析原因并采取相应措施。结果表明：预处理效果差、精馏塔分离效果差是造成这些问题的主要原因;采用优化预处理药剂加量、优化加药工艺和优化甲醇回收工艺等措施,使甲醇污水处理装置持续稳定运行,提高了甲醇污水预处理效果,降低了换热器/精馏塔塔板结垢程度,提高了甲醇回收率。处理后水水质稳定,含油量、悬浮固体含量、悬浮物粒径中值均达标,可满足平均空气渗透率≤0.01 μm²地层的回注要求。     

基于超声波原位增渗的地下水中苯酚污染的高效降解

近年来,石油类有机污染物引起的地下水污染状况日趋严重,在传统原位化学氧化修复技术中,药剂的迁移扩散受含水层渗透性及非均质性的影响显著,寻求行之有效的原位增渗方法是提高修复药剂影响半径以及污染物修复效率的关键所在。超声波增渗技术具有对环境扰动小、无二次污染及装置简单易安装等优势,被广泛应用于改善煤岩和油层渗透率等领域,以此提高煤气和石油采收率。然而将超声波作为增渗技术应用于地下水原位修复领域的报道甚少,增渗效果和修复机理仍然有待深入研究。通过对两种不同的含水介质施加超声波作用,对比分析超声前后介质中孔径及孔隙连通性的变化、高锰酸钾的运移速率以及苯酚的降解效率,阐明超声波原位增渗的作用机理和影响因素,并探讨基于超声原位增渗下有机污染物的降解动力学。结果表明,影响超声波原位增渗效果及有机物污染物降解效率的主要因素有超声作用功率、介质粒径、超声波作用模式以及地下水流速等。超声波原位增渗效果会随着超声作用功率和介质粒径的增大而增强,通过对介质施加500 W的超声波作用150 min,可最大程度地提升高锰酸钾的运移速率达3.02倍;此外,当地下水流速为8.59 cm·d⁻¹时,超声波预处理作用方式可最大程度将苯酚降解率从78.61%提升至91.45%。本研究通过探索超声波原位增渗对修复药剂传输速率以及污染物修复效率的作用机理,可为开拓地下水原位修复技术的应用前景提供可靠的理论依据和技术支持。     

Heavy metal bioaccumulation in selected medicinal plants collected from Khetri copper mines and comparison with those collected from fertile soil in Haridwar,India

Heavy metal distribution in medicinal plants is gaining importance not only as an alternative medicine, but also for possible concern due to effects of metal toxicity. The present study has been focused on emphasizing the heavy metal status and bioaccumulation factors of V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se (essential metals) and Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Pb (potentially toxic metals) in medicinal plants grown under two different environmental conditions e.g., near to Khetri copper mine and those in fertile soils of Haridwar, both in India, using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (relative method) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The copper levels in the medicinal plants from Khetri were found to be 3-4 folds higher (31.6–76.5 mg kg^?1) than those from Haridwar samples (7.40–15.3 mg kg^?1), which is correlated with very high copper levels (763 mg kg^?1) in Khetri soil. Among various heavy metals, Cr (2.60–5.92 mg kg^?1), Cd (1.47–2.97 mg kg^?1) and Pb (3.97–6.63 mg kg^?1) are also higher in concentration in the medicinal plants from Khetri. The essential metals like Mn (36.4–69.3 mg kg^?1), Fe (192–601 mg kg^?1), Zn (24.9–49.9 mg kg^?1) and Se (0.13–0.91 mg kg^?1) and potentially toxic metals like Ni (3.09–9.01 mg kg^?1) and As (0.41–2.09 mg kg^?1) did not show much variations in concentration in the medicinal plants from both Khetri and Haridwar. The medicinal plants from Khetri, e.g., Ocimum sanctum, Cassia fistula, Withania somnifera and Azadirachta Indica were found rich in Ca and Mg contents while Aloe barbadensis showed moderately high Ca and Mg. Higher levels of Ca-Mg were found to correlate with Zn (except Azadirachta Indica). The bioaccumulation factors (BAFS) of the heavy metals were estimated to understand the soil-to-plant transfer pattern of the heavy metals. Significantly lower BAF values of Cu and Cr were found in the medicinal plants from Khetri, indicating majority fraction of these metals are precipitated and were immobilized species unsuitable for plant uptake. Overall, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) showed very high metal bioaccumulation.     

生物滴滤器处理味精厂挥发性恶臭废气的试验研究

报道了采用以沸石为填料的生物滴滤器净化处理味精厂内挥发性恶臭废气的试验结果。在一定的试验条件下,当高强度恶臭废气的进气量<3.0m3/h时,系统除臭效果显著,这为净化以味精厂内恶臭废气为代表的多组分复杂气体提供了切实可行的新技术,具有很好的市场应用前景。此外,研究表明,在净化氨氮臭气取得良好效果的生物膜基础之上,加入特定菌液能较快地培养出适宜处理味精厂内恶臭废气的微生物种群,且能获得满意的净化效果。     

Interaction between BSM-contaminated soils and Italian ryegrass

The interaction among the bensulfuron-methyl, growth of Italian ryegrass, and soil chemical/biochemical/microbiological parameters was investigated in a microcosm experiment. The bensulfuron-methyl added to the soil can be rapidly degraded by certain fungi and actinomycetes present in the original paddy rice soil. The growth of Italian ryegrass significantly accelerated the in-soil degradation of bensulfuron-methyl in its rhizosphere. The uptake of bensulfuron-methyl by ryegrass increased with increasing dosage level of bensulfuron-methyl. However, the phytoextraction of bensulfuron-methyl by ryegrass contributed insignificantly to the total removal of the soil bensulfuron-methyl. Within the dosage range set in this study, the root development of ryegrass was not adversely affected by the presence of the soil bensulfuron-methyl although the fresh biomass of shoot was slightly reduced in the higher dosage treatments. This can be attributed to the adsorption of the added bensulfuron-methyl by soil colloids and consequently the reduction of bensulfuron-methyl level in the soil pore water to a concentration sufficiently lower than the toxic level. The growth of ryegrass significantly increased soil pH and the activities of phosphatase and peroxidase but reduced the EC and the activities of urease in the rhizospheric soil.