WIND DRIVEN RAIN DISTRIBUTIONS AROUND STREET CANOPIES1

ABSTRACT: Wind driven raindrop tracking is used to investigate the microscale redistribution of wind driven rainfalls in street canopies by combining a Eulerian wind flow model and a Lagrangian raindrop tracking model. The former conducts large eddy simulations of the turbulent flows in street canopies, and the latter performs raindrop trajectory calculations by releasing a large number of raindrops into the computational domain. The wind speed model is verified with available wind tunnel measurement. Twenty sets of simulations are carried out for various building configurations and driving rain angles. The simulated results show that the trajectories of smaller raindrops are more slanting and more influenced by the multibuilding perturbed flow field. Impingement of raindrops on the building envelope increases from bottom to top. The height of the front building is a significant factor affecting wind driven rain redistribution. Distinct nonuniform spatial rainfall distributions are found for scenarios with high building configurations and low driving rain angles. The simulated results are further integrated to assess the effect of real raindrop size distributions by weighing the volumetric fraction of a range of drop sizes. There is about 10 percent variation in spatial extent of street canopies. An overall 5 to 17.4 percent increase of the rainfall amount in the upwind zone is observed.     

A rapid and quantitative mass spectrometry method for determining the concentration of acylcarnitines and aminoacids in amniotic fluid

We describe a quantitative, rapid, sensitive and reproducible tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) method for the one-step detection of aminoacid (AAs) and acylcarnitine (ACs) concentrations in amniotic fluid. This technology is quicker and more sensitive than other methods used to date since it is possible to determine very low AA and AC concentrations in samples simultaneously in a single run. The high degree of automation allows a large number of pregnancies to be screened for metabolic defects in a very short time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混凝/催化氧化/微电解三元组合技术处理油田压裂废液

油田压裂废液成分复杂、粘度高、COD高且难降解,对环境造成较大污染。提出了化学混凝/催化氧化/微电解三元组合技术处理压裂废液的新方法,确定了各步骤的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,压裂废液经化学混凝/催化氧化/微电解三元组合技术处理后,粘度降至1.5 m Pa·s,COD去除率98%,COD150 mg/L,达到国家污水排放2级标准。各单元过程形成的泥饼浸出液分析结果符合GB 18599—2001《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准》第一类技术要求。     

Fault propagation behavior study and root cause reasoning with dynamic Bayesian network based framework

The Bhopal disaster was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster happened around process facilities. Nowadays the process facilities in petrochemical industries have becoming increasingly large and automatic. There are many risk factors with complex relationships among them. Unfortunately, some operators have poor access to abnormal situation management experience due to the lack of knowledge. However these interdependencies are seldom accounted for in current risk and safety analyses, which also belonged to the main factor causing Bhopal tragedy. Fault propagation behavior of process system is studied in this paper, and a dynamic Bayesian network based framework for root cause reasoning is proposed to deal with abnormal situation. It will help operators to fully understand the relationships among all the risk factors, identify the causes that lead to the abnormal situations, and consider all available safety measures to cope with the situation. Examples from a case study for process facilities are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It also provides a method to help us do things better in the future and to make sure that another such terrible accident never happens again.     

Total cobalt determination in human blood and synovial fluid using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: method validation and evaluation of performance variables affecting metal hip implant patient samples

Inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometric detection (ICP-MS) has been used for clinical analysis of cobalt (Co) due to its sensitivity and specificity; however, media-specific validation studies are lacking. This study provides data on performance variables affecting differences between selected analytical platforms (Perkin Elmer and Agilent), tissue sample preparation, storage, and interferences affecting measurements in whole blood, serum, and synovial fluid. The limits of detection (LOD) range from 0.2–0.5 µg/L in serum and synovial fluid, and 0.6–1.7 µg Co/L in whole blood. The Agilent platform with collision reaction cell is more sensitive, while the Perkin Elmer platform with dynamic reaction cell demonstrates more polyatomic interferences near the LOD for serum and whole blood. Split sample analysis showed good accuracy, precision, and reproducibility between serum Co measurements using acid digestion or detergent dilution preparations for persons with metal hip implants or following supplement intake. The results demonstrated reliability of the ICP-MS methodology across the two analytical platforms and between two commercial laboratories for Co concentrations above 5 µg Co/L, but digestion procedures and polyatomic interferences may affect measurements in some media at lower concentrations. These studies validate the described ICP-MS methodology for clinical purposes with precautions at low cobalt concentrations (<5 µg Co/L).     

Experimental and numerical investigation of constant volume dust and gas explosions in a 3.6-m flame acceleration tube

This paper describes an experimental investigation of turbulent flame propagation in propane-air mixtures, and in mechanical suspensions of maize starch dispersed in air, in a closed vessel of length 3.6 m and internal cross-section 0.27 m × 0.27 m. The primary motivation for the work is to gain improved understanding of turbulent flame propagation in dust clouds, with a view to develop improved models and methods for assessing explosion risks in the process and mining industries. The study includes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with FLACS and DESC, for gas and dust explosions respectively. For initially quiescent propane-air mixtures, FLACS over-predicts the rate of combustion for fuel-lean mixtures, and under-predicts for fuel-rich mixtures. The simulations tend to be in better agreement with the experimental results for initially turbulent gaseous mixtures. The experimental results for maize starch vary significantly between repeated tests, but the subset of tests that yields the highest explosion pressures are in reasonable agreement with CFD simulations with DESC.     

生物酶自动解堵聚合物钻井液的试验研究

为了选择对常用提粘剂形成的聚合物钻井液具有自动解堵效果的生物酶,通过粘度衰减试验和渗透率恢复试验,并辅以显微镜观测,探究了12种生物酶对9种常用提粘剂形成的聚合物钻井液的降粘效果和解堵效果。结果表明:纤维素酶和胍尔胶酶对聚合物钻井液的降粘效果十分明显;胍尔胶酶对胍尔胶溶液和雷硼溶液的自动解堵效果较好;但生物酶能降解聚合物却不一定能实现相应钻井液的自动解堵。     

长江河口北槽浮泥消长过程的现场观测

2 0 0 0年 8月 2 1～ 2 4日 (小潮汛 )和 9月 3～ 6日 (派比安台风过后 ,寻常潮 )在长江河口北槽下段通海航槽中进行定点观测浮泥潮周期变化过程及影响要素 ,本文对这些现场观测资料进行了描述和综合分析。长江河口北槽浮泥由细颗粒粘粒泥沙组成 ,中值粒径为 7.2 3μm ,小于 4 μm极细颗粒泥沙占 32 .7% ;浮泥的发育和运动存在明显的大小潮和涨落潮周期和风暴潮变化规律 ,实测小潮落憩浮泥厚为 0 .96m ,涨憩为 0 .78m ,涨急为 0 .2 0m左右 ,寻常潮落憩浮泥厚为 0 .73m ,涨憩为0 .5 3m ,涨急为 0 .17m左右。若遇小潮汛大风 ,因水位低 ,流速小 ,风浪对潮滩冲刷强 ,带入河槽泥沙多 ,河槽浮泥发育良好 ,反之 (大潮 )浮泥发育差。可见 ,北槽浮泥形成、发育和消失与泥沙来源、水流速等因素有关 ,若遇盐水楔入侵 ,更有利于浮泥充分发育 ;北槽浮泥容重均较小 (γs <1.2 5t/m3) ,而且活动性较大 ,对适航水深没有明显影响作用