Removing perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid from solid matrices, paper, fabrics, and sand by mineral acid suppression and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from solid matrices has received considerable attention because of the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of these compounds. This study presents a simple method using concentrated HNO₃ as a suppression agent, and methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO₂) extraction for removing PFOS and PFOA from solid matrices. The optimal conditions were 16 M HNO₃ and 20% (v/v) methanol containing Sc-CO₂, under a pressure of 20.3 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. Extraction time was set at 70 min (40 min for static and 30 min for dynamic extraction). PFOA and PFOS were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies (with double extractions) were close to 100% for PFOA and 80% for PFOS for both paper and fabric matrices. The extraction efficiencies for sand were approximately 77% for PFOA and 59% for PFOS. The results show that this method is accurate, and effective, and that it provides a promising and convenient approach to remediate the environment of hazardous PFOA and PFOS contamination.     

含油污水处理用旋流气浮一体化设备的CFD数值模拟

借助商业计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent,对国内自主研发的含油污水处理用BIPTCFU-1型旋流气浮一体化设备进行内部流场的数值模拟研究,讨论了射流器挡板和缓流板等主要结构参数对设备分离性能的影响,并对污水处理量和回流比等运行参数对设备除油率的影响进行了评估。为下一步通过CFD数值模拟手段进行优化设计,进而成功研发含油污水旋流气浮一体化处理设备奠定了较为坚实的基础。     

袋式除尘器内部流场的数值模拟

袋式除尘器内部气流分布不均会加剧滤袋磨损,降低除尘效率。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟方法对除尘器内部流场进行研究,分析了气流的轨迹及其在各气室中的速度分布。发现原设计中气流分布不均匀的现象比较明显,提出了在进气通道内添加气流均布板的改进措施。结果表明:改进后,除尘器箱体内部气流分布较均匀,各滤袋气流分配系数的波动幅度减小,各气室综合流量不均幅值降低。研究结果为袋式除尘器的结构优化设计提供了理论依据。     

臭氧接触池与清水池合建的三维数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件Fluent,结合标准κ-ε模型和组分输运模型,建立了臭氧接触池和清水池的三维紊流模型;通过计算流体的停留时间分布曲线(RTD),对臭氧接触池的水力效率进行了模拟研究。在此基础上,提出了在清水池前段第一廊道设置臭氧接触池的合建方案。结果表明:单一的臭氧接触池水力效率较低,T10/HRT值仅为0.42;而臭氧接触池与清水池经过合建后,T10/HRT值达到0.65,其臭氧消毒水力效率提高了55%。     

页岩气压裂返排液高效破胶剂的研究

针对页岩气开采过程中产生的非常规压裂返排液具有高粘度、高COD及高稳定性的特点,以Fe(NO3)3和Ca(Cl O)2为原料,采用化学湿法中的两步法合成了一种绿色氧化剂K2Fe O4,并对合成出的K2Fe O4进行了定量分析,得到合成的高铁酸钾产率为67.63%,纯度为93.41%。采用X衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜及X衍射能谱,对合成的K2Fe O4进行了表征。将K2Fe O4作为某气田页岩气压裂返排液的高效破胶剂,并对影响破胶效果的因素进行了分析。确定了K2Fe O4的加量为3 000 mg/L,体系p H为11.0及反应时间为40 min的最优条件,在最优条件下,得到出水的粘度为1.4 m Pa·s,其COD、SS和色度的去除率分别为59.1%、93.3%和88.9%。通过红外光谱和扫描电镜进行了微观观察,对K2Fe O4氧化非常规压裂返排液中主要成分胍胶的过程进行了机理分析。研究还发现,K2Fe O4在还原分解后,具有比单一铁离子更强的混凝效果。因此,K2Fe O4的应用对页岩气压裂返排液的处理有深远的影响。     

废柴油再生工艺废弃物的固化实验

废弃油基钻井液中废柴油再生工艺产生的废渣废液具有高COD和高色度等特点,直接外排对环境危害严重。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了该废弃物的最佳固化配方为:水泥∶粉煤灰为3∶2,水泥和粉煤灰加量30%,石膏加量1.5%,硫酸铝加量1.5%,石灰加量1%。在最佳固化配方下,废弃物浸出液的COD由10 062 mg/L降至62 mg/L,色度由500倍降至8倍,各主要污染指标都符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,固化成本约120元/m3。通过固化体的宏观照片和微观SEM照片对固化机理进行了分析,结果表明,废弃物被稳固地包裹在固化体之中。     

Evaluation of a multiresidue method for pesticides in cereals using supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatographic detection

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was evaluated to be applied for residue analysis of 22 gas chromatography/electron capture detector-nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/ECD-NPD) amenable pesticides in rice, wild rice and wheat. Samples were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at 200 atm pressure and 50°C temperature, using methanol as a static modifier. Mean recoveries obtained with the proposed SFE method at two spiking levels with four replicates per level are compared with those obtained with an ethyl acetate-based solvent extraction/gel permeation chromatography (GPC) clean up method. Both methods gave consistent high recoveries for almost all the pesticides from all the commodities with overall mean recoveries higher than 70% with relative standard deviations lower than 20%. Remarkable exceptions were captafol and dimethoate, for which low and/or non-reproducible recoveries were obtained with the SFE method. Residue levels determined with both methods in nine different incurred samples of wheat, containing some of the studied pesticides, were very similar, but, in all cases, slightly higher levels were determined with the SFE method.     

An alternative supercritical fluid extraction system for aqueous matrices and its application in pesticides residue analysis

Abstract

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a rapid and convenient method for the isolation of organic compounds from environmental samples. This paper describes a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) extraction system that uses a newly designed extraction cell to recover organic compounds from an aqueous matrix. Analysis of the extracts by gas chromatography‐electron capture detector (GC‐ECD) indicated that the herbicide trifluralin (2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐4‐trifluoromethylaniline) could be quantitatively extracted by using the SFE system proposed with small amounts of sample. The percentage of recovery obtained with the SFE system described was twice as high as the result obtained using a conventional solid‐phase extraction technique. Extraction by SFE was completed in a short period of time using a simple and low‐cost home‐made system that did not require the use of organic solvents.     

影响除雾器带浆量2个因素的三维模拟研究

湿法烟气脱硫系统(WFGD)中除雾器是一个十分关键的设备.我们利用CFD三维软件模拟计算研究最顶端喷淋层与除雾器之间距离(D)以及空塔速度(V)对进入除雾器浆液量(M)的影响.结果表明,M与D成幂指数关系,而与V成线性关系.此外,进入除雾器的浆液粒径分布可以用Rosin-Rammler分布来拟合.     

Increase of 210Po levels in human semen fluid after mussel ingestion

Polonium-210 (²¹⁰Po) radioactive concentrations were determined in human semen fluid of vasectomized non-smoker volunteers. The ²¹⁰Po levels ranged from 0.10 to 0.39 mBq g⁻¹ (mean: 0.23 ± 0.08 mBq g⁻¹). This value decreased to 0.10 ± 0.02 mBq g⁻¹ (range from 0.07 to 0.13 mBq g⁻¹) after two weeks of a controlled diet, excluding fish and seafood. Then, volunteers ate during a single meal 200 g of the cooked mussel Perna perna L., and ²¹⁰Po levels were determined again, during ten days, in semen fluid samples collected every morning. Volunteers continued with the controlled diet and maintained sexual abstinence through the period of the experiment. A 300% increase of ²¹⁰Po level was observed the day following mussel consumption, with a later reduction, such that the level returned to near baseline by day 4.