Numerical and experimental study on the generation and propagation of negative wave in high-pressure gas pipeline leakage

Negative-wave-based leakage detection and localization technology has been widely used in the pipeline system to diminish leak loss and enhance environmental protection from hazardous leak events. However, the fluid mechanics behind the negative wave method has yet been disclosed. The objective of this paper is to investigate the generation and propagation of negative wave in high-pressure pipeline leakage. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) study on the negative wave was carried out with large eddy simulation (LES) method. Experimentally validated simulation presented the transient wave generation at the leak onset and the comprehensive wave evolution afterwards. Negative wave was proven to be a kind of rarefaction acoustic waves induced by transient mass loss at the onset of leakage. Diffusion due to the density difference at wave fronts drives the negative wave propagation. Propagation of negative wave can be categorized into three states – semi-spherical wave, wave superposition and plane wave, based on different wave forms. The wave characteristics at different states were elucidated and the attenuation effects were discussed respectively. Finally, a non-dimensional correlation was proposed to predict the negative wave amplitude based on pipeline pressure and leak diameter.     

Concentration model for gas releases in buildings and the mitigation effect

In case of accidents involving releases of hazardous materials, calculating the gas dispersion is essential for assessing risks. In general, the leaked chemical is assumed to be instantly dispersed to the atmosphere if the leak occurs in the outdoor location. However, a different approach should be made for the incidents when sources are located inside a building. For the indoor release, the gas will be diluted prior to the release to the atmosphere and the gas release from a building to the atmosphere demands the application of another model before the dispersion calculation. The indoor release model calculates average indoor concentration and volumetric flowrate to the exterior. The model is fast and reasonably accurate compared to rigorous but time-consuming computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The model results were compared with experimental data, and CFD simulation results both with simple geometry to demonstrate validation and assess the performance of the indoor release model. Lastly, the behavior and effect of mitigation of indoor release were demonstrated by using the model results.     

苏州火车站地下环形车道通风安全及火灾烟控技术研究

以苏州火车站地下环形车道的营运通风方案为对象,对正常运营和火灾时的需风量进行计算和分析,并采用计算流体力学方法对车道火灾模式下排烟的有效性进行了模拟研究,确定该车道采用竖井送排式加射流风机进行通风,竖井设在车道的西北和东南两个对角处,有效面积分别为10.2 m2和11.7 m2,为地下空间运营通风方案选择和计算提供参考依据。     

井喷失控点火时间与方位探讨

利用计算流体力学方法(CFD)对井喷失控后天然气扩散过程进行研究,在有限元基础上建立模型,采用κ-ε紊流模型求解得出井喷失控后可燃性蒸气云随时间、风速变化的影响情况,求出稳态以后易爆区域的蒸气云形状。取5.0%和15%作为甲烷的爆炸上、下限,在不同区域进行点火求解爆燃结果,通过比较给出推荐的点火时间和点火方位。该研究成果可对井喷失控蒸气云爆燃危害性进行预测,有助于指导井喷失控进行点火放喷工作,避免爆燃事故的发生。     

超临界流体萃取技术在环境工程中的应用

超临界流体萃取的是以超临界流体作为溶媒体的新型分离技术,具有分离效果好、萃取率高、产物无溶剂残留、节能和实用性强等优点。超临界流体萃取技术在废水处理、固体废物处理及大气污染物治理,分析中的研究和开发日益广泛,应用前景十分看好。     

低分子环保型压裂液技术的开发及应用

通过对低分子环保型压裂液体系(LMF)与传统瓜尔胶压裂液体系的性能进行对比分析,得出低分子环保型压裂液体系,无论在工程还是在环保方面,都有明显的优势。它的推广应用,将产生明显的经济和社会效益,为我国绿色环保压裂液的发展,提供了新的思路。     

胜利油田废钻井液固液分离技术研究实验

针对胜利油田勘探与开发特性以及钻井过程中产生大量的高含水量的废钻井液,在固化处理技术的基础上对其分离技术进行了研究与实验,经现场实验,处理后主要污染物指标均能达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的二级标准。     

Using supercritical fluid extraction to measure the desorption and bioaccessibility of phenanthrene in soils

The aim of this paper was to measure the changing desorbable fraction and bioaccessibility of phenanthrene in two different soils with increasing soil-phenanthrene contact time using supercritical fluid extractions (SFE). Both soils were spiked with 100 mg kg⁻¹ phenanthrene and aged for 28 d. Desorption profiles were measured every 7 d using selective SFE conditions and the results were compared to ¹⁴C-phenanthrene mineralisation assays. Selective SFE showed significant differences in the rates and extents of desorption in the two soils, likely to be due to different organic matter composition. Post-extraction fitting of data yielded consistent SFE extraction times within ageing soils for bioaccessibility prediction.     

海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力场耦合研究

为研究海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力的变化规律,基于流体力学和传热学理论,考虑超高温高压井筒环境对钻井液密度以及钻井液流变参数的影响,建立海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力耦合预测模型,并利用实例井现场随钻数据进行模型验证,分析正常钻进期间井筒温度压力的变化规律。研究结果表明：对井筒温度而言,钻井液流变性变化的影响大于钻井液密度变化的影响,耦合计算温度结果要大于不耦合计算的温度值,且两者之间的温差随井深的增加越来越大;对井筒压力而言,钻井液密度变化对当量循环密度ECD(equivalent criculating density)的影响要大于流变性对ECD的影响,且耦合计算的ECD要小于不耦合计算的ECD值。该耦合模型可以提高井筒温度压力的预测与控制精度,并降低超高温高压地层窄密度窗口中的安全钻进风险,研究结果对超高温高压钻井精准的井筒温度压力预测及控制具有重要意义。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取环境样品中金属离子的研究进展

原位络合的超临界萃取技术开辟了超临界二氧化碳（ＳＣ－ＣＯ２）萃取金属离子的新途径。本文综述国外有关ＳＣ－ＣＯ２萃取环境样品中金属离子的原理、流程、应用及影响因素等方面的研究进展,并相信随着研究工作的不断深入,更加理想的络合剂和ＳＣ－ＣＯ２携带剂的发现,必将使ＳＣ－ＣＯ２萃取金属离子的技术在环境样品中痕量金属离子的前处理和分析以及有害金属离子的处理等方面的应用前景更为广阔