生态影响评价在旅游景区中的应用--以中山陵园风景区外缘景区为例

采用生态影响评价的工作方法,以中山陵园风景区外缘景区为例,在分析外缘景区生态现状的基础上,从土地利用与水土流失状况、森林群落状况、生物多样性、生态系统等方面对规划产生的生态影响进行了评价,得出外缘规划的实施总体上有利于景区生态可持续发展的结论,最后对评价中有待改进的方面做了几点探讨。     

小流域生态经济的实践与探索

我国的小流域治理工作已经开展了几十年,在治理水土流失方面取得了一定的成效。如何巩固已取得的成绩,实现小流域的可持续发展引起了广泛关注。本文通过阐述生态经济的概念,指出小流域生态经济系统存在的问题,并结合小流域的特点探讨了在小流域建设生态经济的途径。     

基于五元联系数法的辽河保护区沈阳段河流健康评价

五元联系数法是针对系统中不确定因素,利用各因素之间的对立性、差异性及同一性对各因素进行系统分析的方法。针对五元联系数法可以同时考虑河流健康评价中的确定与不确定因素的优点,以辽河保护区沈阳段为例,建立了包含河流自然形态状况、水质状况、底质状况、水生生物及生态环境状况、社会服务状况五大类共24个指标的指标体系,以层次分析法确定权重,构建了五元联系数综合评价模型,对辽河保护区沈阳段河流健康状况进行评价。结果表明:辽河保护区沈阳段河流健康评价的五元联系数为0.576 8,河流健康等级为中等,其中,河流自然形态状况最大联系数为0.932 9,评价等级为中等;水质状况最大联系数为0.550 4,评价等级为不健康;底质状况最大联系数为0.920 9,评价等级为优秀;水生生物及生态环境状况最大联系数为0.781 3,评价等级为良好;社会服务状况最大联系数为0.478 3,评价等级为中等。辽河保护区沈阳段底质重金属污染较轻,但存在河床稳定性较差,水体氮、磷污染较为严重,鱼类多样性不高等问题,建议通过严格控制污水排放,强化水资源管理,提高化肥利用率,加强河岸带修复等措施,进一步加强保护区的治理与管理。     

生态环境保护与可持续发展

简述了可持续发展提出的历史背景及其内涵,以及生态环境保护在实行可持续发展战略中的地位和作用,指出我国生态环境中存在的问题及其原因,就我国生态环境存在的问题及解决途径作了阐述。     

Integrating selected ecological effects of mixed European beech–Norway spruce stands in bioeconomic modelling

The simplicity of many bioeconomic models has been criticised several times, due to their lack of realism resulting from a deterministic nature and a single-species focus. In this context it was interesting to test the financial sensitivity of bioeconomic modelling against fairly well documented ecological effects in mixed forests. For this purpose our study linked existing results of ecological research with bioeconomic modelling. The presented methodological approach could not only show the importance of considering ecological effects in bioeconomic models; it in fact enabled prioritising ecological research from a financial point of view.In a first step, the possible influence of the tree species mixture on forest stand resistance, productivity and timber quality was derived from existing studies. In a second step, the available Monte Carlo simulations for Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), simulated under site conditions and risks typical of southern Germany, were extended by the mentioned ecological effects and then evaluated from a financial perspective.The results showed a clear influence of all tested ecological effects on the financial indicators, financial risk and return. While testing each ecological effect separately, an increased resistance against wind, snow and insect attacks had the greatest influence on financial risk and return. It over-proportionally enhanced the financial return while simultaneously the financial risk was reduced. In contrast, a degraded timber quality could eliminate the positive effect of risk compensation in mixed forests almost completely. The least influence on the financial indicators finally showed a changed volume growth in mixed forests.A combination of the separately tested ecological effects (increased resistance, changed volume growth and decreased timber quality), between both tree species, underlined the dominating importance of the stand resistance. The integration of ecological effects, induced by interdependent tree species, in our bioeconomic model resulted in significantly lower financial risk than ignoring these effects. Moreover, the financial return of mixed stand variants with a proportion of Norway spruce greater than 60% even exceeded that of the most profitable pure stand.In conclusion this paper clearly confirmed that ignoring ecological effects in bioeconomic models could lead to seriously biased financial results. While a changed volume growth proved rather to be of minor importance for European beech/Norway spruce stands, tree resistance and timber quality may change the financial results significantly.     

新疆砖瓦行业对生态环境影响的探讨

分析了新疆砖瓦行业对生态环境的影响,提出制砖业环境保护的建议。     

塔里木河流域生态脆弱性评价研究

塔里木河流域受自然及人为因素的影响,局部地区生态退化问题突出,从景观生态学的干扰性质理论和恢复生态学的观点出发,选择水资源系统、土地资源系统及植被资源系统及其10个综合性敏感因子对流域生态的敏感性及恢复力进行分析,并确定敏感因子的定量指标,定性代码及其权重和阈值,通过算术对数插值对敏感因子实际值进行规范化处理,并构建生态胁迫度。结果表明,塔里木河三源流阿克苏河流域、叶尔羌河流域、和田河流域及于流区的上、中、下游区生态胁迫度分别为0．13、0．25、0．30、0．31、0．57及0．84,在评价分级标准的限定下,其对应的生态脆弱性程度依次为轻微脆弱、一般脆弱、一般脆弱、一般脆弱、中等脆弱及严重脆弱。     

A model for ecological assessment to pesticide pollution management

Applying the relational analysis in the Grey System Theory and Method, the comprehensive evaluation on five pesticide pollution controlling techniques in the vegetable production has been made and a comprehensive profit (cp–comprehensive cost (cc) evaluation system (composed of 15 comprehensive cost indices and 14 comprehensive profit indices) has been established, with a index optimization matrix of comprehensive cost indices and comprehensive profit indices obtained and a ratio model of comprehensive cost to comprehensive profit (R_cc/cp) built. Results show that the R_cc/cp value of vegetables intercropping soybeans in insect-proof thin film greenhouses is the smallest and the R_cc/cp value of vegetables intercropping taros in insect-proof net greenhouses, pheromones in insect-proof thin film greenhouses, pheromones in insect-proof thin film greenhouses and ground planting (only using chemical pesticide for insect-proof without covering materials and synthetic sex pheromone) other four techniques are 0.6268, 0.6393, 0.6407, 0.9809 respectively. In accordance with the R_cc/cp value, vegetables intercropping soybeans in insect-proof thin film greenhouses can be the most optimized pesticide pollution controlling technique in the vegetable growing.     

资源与环境约束下的滨海新区海洋经济可持续发展途径

滨海新区资源丰富,经济规模不断扩大,呈现出良好的发展趋势,但也面临资源利用不合理、环境污染严重等问题.在分析天津滨海新区海洋经济发展现状和优势的基础上,探讨了该区域面临的资源与环境约束问题,并对这些问题进行了原因剖析,主要原因包括缺少科学规划引导、管理矛盾突出等.最后从建立环境与经济持续发展的综合决策机制、直接管制与间...