Synthesis and spatial dynamics of socio-economic metabolism and land use change of Taipei Metropolitan Region

Ever since the concept of metabolism was extended from biological science by social scientists to analyze human systems, socio-economic metabolism has been extensively applied to explore resource consumption, asset accumulation, waste emissions, and complex processes of land use change in a socio-economic system. Current research in socio-economic metabolism and land use change has used accounting approaches for macroscopic comparisons of countries and regions. However, socio-economic metabolism has seldom been applied to the analysis of land use change. To simulate the spatial-temporal dynamics of socio-economic metabolism and land use change, this study adopts a spatial system modeling method to develop a Socio-Economic Metabolism and Land Use Change (SEMLUC) model for the Taipei Metropolitan Region. The simulation results illustrate that the Taipei Metropolitan Region is highly dependent on inflows of non-renewable energy and exhibits a spatial hierarchy of non-renewable energy consumption centering on Taipei's Main station. Additionally, urban assets provide feedback to natural and agricultural systems to extract additional resource inflows which, driven by the maximum power principle, accelerate the convergence of energy flows toward urban assets. Accumulating urban assets also facilitates inflows of non-renewable material to nearby cells thereby enhancing land use conversion to urban areas. This work also demonstrates the capability of ArcGIS software in simulating socio-economic metabolism and land use change in an urban system.     

基于地理学视角的快速城市化地区空间冲突测度——以长株潭城市群地区为例

空间冲突是源于空间资源的稀缺性和空间功能外溢性的一种客观地理现象,是在人地关系作用过程中伴随空间资源竞争而产生的空间资源分配过程中的对立现象。地理学视角下空间冲突的基本指向在于不同类型的地理空间在结构比例、空间组合以及相互转化过程中的不协调。基于此,论文借鉴景观生态指数理论与方法,构建空间类型冲突指数(STC)、空间格局冲突指数(SSC) 以及空间过程冲突指数(SPC),并明确其内涵及计算方法,并选择长株潭城市群进行实证区测度与验证,实证分析结论与实际情况吻合,进一步说明了空间冲突指数构建的科学性及其地理学意义。     

Morphological and chemical characteristics of atmospheric particles in the Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley (Mexico)

Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy has been used for both morphological and elemental chemistry analyses of atmospheric particles. This technique allows the in situ observation of individual aerosol particles in the sample chamber. Aerotransported particles were analysed from seven monitoring stations located in the Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley (MZTV). Several different morphologies were identified: aggregates, porous spheres, rough and smooth compact material. The elemental composition included C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Mn, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ce. These are semiquantitative analyses considering the bulk sample or individual particles. It was possible to correlate or confirm some chemical associations such as C–S, Ca–S–O and Si–Al–O, probably due to the presence of compounds derived from incomplete combustion, building tailing materials and aluminosilicates of cortical origin. Bioaerosols such as pollen, spores, brochosomes and diatoms were identified in the zone; all these types of particles have a natural origin too. Several types of suspended particles were identified in the MZTV, they were from different sources (natural and anthropogenic) to which the population can be potentially exposed, and may cause harm in the short- and long-term, according to their chemical element composition and size.     

Diurnal Profile of Particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (pPAH) Concentration in Urban Environment in Tokyo Metropolitan Area

Traffic emits particles under 1 m. The particles arethe most responsible to particle-bound polycyclic aromatichydrocarbon (pPAH) which can impact human health. To assessthem as health hazards, we monitored diurnal changes in theconcentration and distribution of pPAH near roads in Tokyo.The total pPAH concentration was determined using aphotoelectric aerosol sensor (PAS) which ionized PAH-adsorbingparticles. The total pPAH concentration was compared withchemical analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Two sampling sessions, one in August and one inSeptember 2000, were done at three sampling sites at the Hongo Campus of the University of Tokyo. Monitoring was every two minutes for six consecutive days for the first session and for seven consecutive days for the second session.Correlation of the pPAH concentration with traffic flow andwith meteorological conditions were also assessed. The pPAHconcentration varied in the same manner on all days: it sharplyincreased in the early morning by a sudden burden of traffic, and it rapidly decreased during the daytime, probably owing tophotodegradation and/or dilution by rising in the mixingzone. The local wind field, and consequently thetransportation of pPAH from the road, were stronglyinfluenced by the configuration and location of thesurrounding buildings. The pPAH clearly changed in 1- and0.5 day cycles, particularly at the roadside.     

南京都市圈环境风险管控协作机制研究

区域环境风险具有显著外溢性,跨界环境风险损害时有发生,区域环境风险管控的协作机制亟待探究.在系统分析了南京都市圈环境风险管控面临的新挑战的基础上,借鉴国内外环境风险管控协作机制的实践经验,从执法机制、信息共享、应急预警、环境监测以及生态补偿等方面,提出了南京都市圈建立环境风险管控协作机制的对策建议及其保障措施,为在都市...