桐柏大别山链南缘构造变形及推覆构造

本文从桐柏—大别山链南缘及其前陆地区的构造变形研究入手,划分出区内两期两种型式推覆构造,即印支—燕山早期对冲式推覆构造和喜山期背冲式推覆构造。并综合分析了它们的结构,推覆方向和规模等,讨论了它的形成演化机制和油气勘探意义。     

Socioecological influences on the reproductive success of female mountain gorillas (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gorilla beringei beringei</Emphasis>)

Over the past few decades, socioecological models have been developed to explain the relationships between the ecological conditions, social systems, and reproductive success of primates. Feeding competition, predation pressures, and risk of infanticide are predicted to influence how female reproductive success (FRS) depends upon their dominance rank, group size, and mate choices. This paper examines how those factors affected the reproductive success of female mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) of the Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda from 1967–2004. Reproductive success was measured through analyses of interbirth intervals, infant survival, and surviving infant birth rates using data from 214 infants born to 67 females. Mountain gorillas were predicted to have “within-group scramble” feeding competition, but we found no evidence of lower FRS in larger groups, even as those groups became two to five times larger than the population average. The gorillas are considered to have negligible “within-group contest” competition, yet higher ranked mothers had shorter interbirth intervals. Infant survival was higher in multimale groups, which was expected because infanticide occurs when the male dies in a one-male group. The combination of those results led to higher surviving birth rates for higher ranking females in multimale groups. Overall, however, the socioecological factors accounted for a relatively small portion of the variance in FRS, as expected for a species that feeds on abundant, evenly distributed foliage.     

广州白云山风景区阔叶植物叶片中的多环芳烃

多环芳烃(PAHs)在环境中分布极广,作为持久性亲脂有机污染物,具有很强的生物累积性。植物对周围环境有着高度的依赖性,阔叶植物由于叶面巨大的表面积,容易吸收富集环境中的多环芳烃。采集了白云山9种阔叶植物叶片样品,利用GC-MS对样品中的多环芳烃进行了定量分析。结果表明,白云山阔叶植物叶片样品中的PAHs以芘所占比例最高,总PAHs为460.2～1303.5ng·g-1(干质量)。从组成上看,白云山阔叶植物叶片中多环芳烃以3环、4环为主,比较发现这种组成特征与大气中PAHs相似。运用分子标志物比值法分析PAHs的来源,发现阔叶植物样品中PAHs主要是热成因来源。广州市工业发达,环境中含有较高PAHs在白云山阔叶植物叶片中已有明显的反映,应加强对环境中PAHs监控和治理。     

基于GIS的祁连山生态敏感性评价

以遥感数据为基础数据源研究祁连山的生态环境特点和主要生态问题,并结合客观条件及评价因子的选取需具有代表性、可计量性的原则,选取气候舒适度指数、土地沙化指数、土地盐碱化指数、水土流失指数和生物多样性指数共5项评价因子对祁连山生态敏感性进行综合评价。运用GIS技术在单因子评价的基础上,再利用空间叠加分析功能和重分类工具进行多因子综合评价,划分5类生态敏感等级,由大到小依次为高敏感性、较高敏感性、中等敏感性、较低敏感性和低敏感性。结果表明,祁连山生态敏感性空间分异明显,高敏感性地区主要分布在祁连山西部地区,低敏感性地区主要分布在东部地区。生态敏感性总体都处于中等偏低的水平上,其中,中等以下的地区占研究区总面积的69.7 8%,高敏感性、较高敏感性占研究区的30.2 2%,表明对于祁连山的生态保护还是卓有成效的,但一些地区还存在不少问题,导致生态敏感性偏高。因此,未来对于祁连山生态环境保护任务依然艰巨,对于高敏感性区域的西部地区应该进行严格保护和生态治理,对于低敏感性区域的东部地区要持续加强生态保护,减少人为活动影响。     

Siting America's geologic repository for high-level Nuclear Waste: Implications for environmental Policy

Siting a geologic repository for isolating highlevel nuclear waste up to 10,000 years is a controversial undertaking never before attempted in the United States. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 exempted repository siting from important requirements for environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act. In December 1987, the Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act identified Yucca Mountain as the first site to be characterized for a high-level nuclear waste repository. In light of the unproven nature of the technology being evaluated, the scientific uncertainties associated with Yucca Mountain, and the lack of proven methods for risk evaluation, the environmental policies for repository siting represent a significant departure from more traditional, comprehensive, and interdisciplinary environmental review for siting nuclear projects. The policies warrant further study by those interested in how present as well as future decisions about complex technologies may be made.     

长白山区立体气候资源与立体农业开发

本文概述了吉林省东部长白山区农业气候资源的立体变化规律,分析了如何根据立体气候规律安排农作物品种的垂直布局,确定主要特产植物适宜裁培高度、森林植被类型和立体农业生态经济系统建设等问题,指出了充分利用气候资源搞好山区农业立体开发的有效途径。     

Scientific certainty and the laws that govern location of a potential high-level nuclear waste repository

Recent studies have questioned the ability of the Department of Energy to successfully construct and operate a high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, consistent with current Environmental Protection Agency standards and Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations. Questions focus on whether demonstration of compliance with the agency's standards is based too much on numerical calculations and analyses that the Department of Energy must conduct to project the long-term performance of the repository. Unless these questions are resolved, the licensing of the repository could be withheld or delayed by litigation. This article reviews the extent to which laws that govern the siting of high-level nuclear waste repositories require scientific certainty in any findings about the environmental consequences of locating a repository.     

Distribution of PCDDs and PCDFs in Soils Collected from the Denver Front Range - Principal Components Analysis of Diffuse Dioxin Sources (10 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) is a US Army facility located northeast of Denver, Colorado that has been listed on the National Priorities List (NPL). It is currently being re-mediated under the authority of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA). As part of the remediation activities at RMA, indications were found that a source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) had existed on the RMA. As a result, investigations were undertaken to assess the possible nature and extent of any potential sources of PCDDs and PCDFs on the RMA site. In addition, other studies were conducted that examined PCDD/PCDF contamination in the Denver area. The goal of these studies was to examine nature and extent of PCDD/PCDF contamination both on the RMA as well as in the surrounding Denver area. The intent of this study was to characterize sources of dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) at low environmental concentrations which might have originated from diffuse sources in the Denver Colorado area and in particular, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Methods Over 200 soil samples were collected from the RMA and the Denver area. From the RMA, soil was collected as part of three studies that included a (1) random site-wide sampling of the RMA, (2) soils from the Western Tier Parcel (WTP), and (3) soils from Historic Use areas. Denver area soil samples were collected from five different land use categories: Residential, Agricultural, Open Space, Commercial, and Industrial. PCA was conducted on concentrations of 17 2,3,7,8-substuituted PCDD and PCDF congeners in 220 soil samples collected from the RMA and the Denver Front Range region. Results and Discussion PCA demonstrated the presence of possible minor sources of dioxins on the RMA. Current remediation efforts on RMA will result in the removal of these sources. Samples from the RMA were identified by the presence of a congener profile containing higher chlorinated PCDFs while the Denver Front Range areas were characterized by the presence of higher chlorinated PCDD congeners. The presence of a PCDF signature for the RMA samples does not necessarily indicate a major source of these contaminants on-site. Indeed, the relatively diffuse nature of the sample clusters would argue strongly against the presence of a single large source. Instead, the predominance of the PCDF congeners probably indicates the mixed industrial activities that took place on and near the site. Conclusion PCA results indicate that PCDD/PCDF profiles in soils collected from the RMA differed from those collected from the outlying Denver areas but that a major source of these contaminants was not present. Rather, the diffuse nature of sample clusters from the PCA indicated that the congener profile of RMA samples was most likely a result of the mixed industrial activities that historically have taken place on and near the site. PCA also indicated that many of the 'open area' (peripheral site-wide) RMA soils samples did not differ from Denver are reference congener profiles. This finding was also true for samples collected from the WTP that were essentially indistinguishable from Off-RMA reference samples. In addition, total TEQ concentrations in soils collected from WTP were similar to those measured in soils collected from the Denver Front Range areas indicating that lack of a major source of PCDD/PCDF within the WTP zones of the RMA. Recommendation and Outlook Analytical as well as statistical results of the soil congener data indicate that the WTP soils are indistinguishable from soils collected from non-industrial areas in the Denver area. This finding would support the recent 'de-listing' of the WTP from the other RMA areas and its' transfer to other authorities in the Denver area.     

Fitness consequences of dispersal decisions for male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)

The fitness consequences of dispersal decisions are difficult to quantify, especially for long-lived species with complex social systems. To calculate those consequences for male mountain gorillas, from the perspective of both subordinate and dominant males, we used behavioral and demographic data obtained over 30 years from the Virunga Volcano population to develop an agent-based model that simulates the life history events, social structure, and population dynamics of the species. The model included variables for birth rates, mortality rates, dispersal patterns, and reproductive skew. The model predicted an average lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of 3.2 for philopatric males (followers) and 1.6 for emigrants. The benefits of philopatry were most sensitive to opportunities for social queuing and to female transfer preferences, but philopatry remained the best strategy over a wide range of group conditions and hypothetical simulations. The average LRS for dominant males was 4.5 when a subordinate stayed and 4.6 when the subordinate emigrated. The dispersal decision of the subordinate male had little impact on the fitness of the dominant male because it came relatively late in the dominant males reproductive life span, and it changed his group composition only incrementally. The fitness consequences for the dominant male were most sensitive to the degree of reproductive skew. Since subordinates suffer a fitness loss when they leave a group, they should accept whatever reproductive restraint is needed to avoid eviction, and the dominant male does not need to offer concessions for them to stay. The dominant male may offer reproductive concessions for other reasons, such as peace incentives or to confuse paternity, or he may not have complete control of reproduction within his group.Communicated by D. Watts     

新疆天山夏季气象条件对气溶胶粒径分布的影响

使用宽范围粒径谱仪对天山白杨沟风景区2019年8月5-25日10 nm~10 μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合气象要素数据,分析了天山地区夏季气象条件对气溶胶粒径分布特征的影响.结果表明,夏季天山地区10 nm~10 μm气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度平均为3539.2 cm^-3、116.5 μm²·cm^-3和17.6 μm³·cm^-3.不同降水过程对气溶胶数浓度的影响不同.不同降水过程中气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布,持续时间长的小雨和毛毛雨对气溶胶数浓度谱谱形的影响较小,而降雨量较强的短时降水过程往往会使得气溶胶粒径谱峰值往大粒径段偏移.降雨过程气溶胶表面积浓度谱和体积浓度谱为多峰型分布,表面积浓度主要集中在30~500 nm的细粒子段,体积浓度主要集中在1~10 μm的粗粒子段.相对湿度（RH）对核模态气溶胶数浓度和积聚模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较大,对爱根核模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较小.不同相对湿度条件下气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布.随着相对湿度的增加,气溶胶数浓度谱的峰宽呈现先增加后减小的趋势,这种变化趋势在<40 nm时更加显著.气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度随风速风向的分布与能见度随风速风向的分布呈现相反的趋势.