宁夏贺兰山自然保护区油松林碳储量及分布格局

森林保护对减缓全球变暖有着重要意义。不同森林生态系统由于其所处地理位置不同,气候、土壤、物种构成差异很大,因此其碳汇功能也各不相同,油松是中国北方重要的森林类型之一,为了摸清贺兰山自然保护区森林碳储量,本文通过实地调查取样和室内实验测定的方法,于2011—2012年期间对宁夏贺兰山自然保护区油松林碳储量进行了取样测定,估算了其碳储量。结果表明：油松单株平均含碳率为51．91％,高于国内其他地区的阔叶树种及灌木的含碳率;经估算贺兰山油松林总有机碳储量为13．39kg.m^-2,其中立木碳储量为2．98kg．m^-2,地被层有机碳碳储量为0．86kg·m^-2,土壤层有机碳储量为9．55kg．m^-2,土壤碳储量占林分碳储量的70％以上,是油松林有机碳的主要储存库。总体来看,针叶林的固碳能力要高于阔叶林,在营造固碳林时应优先考虑针叶树种。从分布格局来看,东经105．80°～106．15°,北纬38．36°～39．00°,海拔2000～2400m的区域是油松林的主要分布区域,也是贺兰山森林有机碳的主要分布区,该区域是保护区碳平衡研究和碳汇管理应该关注的重点区域。     

猫儿山自然保护区森林群落垂直格局与主导因素分析

陆地生态系统中海拔高度的变化会导致植物群落的垂直性分布,这是形成植物多样性的一个重要性原因。了解和分析不同区域植物群落的垂直性分布规律和生物多样性形成机制对保护森林生物多样性具有重要意义。本文通过对猫儿山自然保护区不同海拔高度森林植物群落和环境因子的调查,运用双向指示种分析（Two-way Indicator-Species Analysis）和典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis）,对不同海拔高度的群落进行划分,对决定植物群落分布的主导环境因子进行分析,结果表明：（1）猫儿自然保护区森林群落可以分为7个群落类型,其代表树种分别是罗浮栲Castanopsis fabri、栲树Castanopsis fargeisii、银木荷Schima argentea、铁椎栲Castanopsis lamontii、南方铁杉Tsuga chinensis、长苞铁杉Tsuga longibracterata、马尾松Pinus massoniana;（2）在中亚热带,海拔对山地植物群落形成起决定性作用;（3）土壤是仅次于海拔的重要环境因子,其中土类和土层厚度对森林群落的影响较大。在中亚热带森林生态保护和恢复过程中,按照不同海拔高度的植物群落特征选择种植合适树种,按照当地土壤条件选择适当的生态保护和恢复措施能加快生态恢复的进程,提高生态保护的效益。     

长白山不同海拔岳桦(Betula ermanii)的光合生理

通过研究不同海拔(1 750 m,1 900 m,2 000 m)岳桦的光合生理,探讨岳桦叶片对高山环境的适应特征.结果表明:与海拔1 750 m相比,1 900 m和2 000 m处植物叶片具有较低的暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)和CO2补偿点(CCP),较高的最大光合速率(Amax)、光近饱和点(LK)、表观羧化速率(CE)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax).1 900 m处光化学淬灭系数(qP)和作用光存在时PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ФpsⅡ)最高,2 000 m处非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则最高.随海拔升高,岳桦叶片水分利用效率(WUE)先升高再降低.与1 750 m相比,1 900和2 000 m处植物叶片具有较高的气孔导度(gs)和CO2吸收速率(Pn/Ci斜率).分析表明:1 900 m是岳桦的最适生长区,具有较高的光合能力,且所受胁迫较小.图6表3参26     

Sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird: male color predicts paternity success in the mountain bluebird, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sialia currucoides</Emphasis>

Ornamental traits are thought to evolve because they give individuals an advantage in securing multiple mates. Thus, the presence of ornamentation among males in many monogamous bird species presents something of a conundrum. Under certain conditions, extra-pair paternity can increase the variance in reproductive success among males, thus increasing the potential for sexual selection to act. We addressed this possibility in the mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides), a socially monogamous songbird in which males possess brilliant ultraviolet (UV)-blue plumage. Specifically, we asked whether a male’s success at siring offspring within his own nest and within the nests of other males was related to his coloration. In pairwise comparisons, males that sired extra-pair offspring were not more colorful than the males that they cuckolded. However, males that sired at least one extra-pair offspring were, on average, brighter and more UV-blue than males that did not sire extra-pair offspring. Brighter, more UV-blue males sired more offspring both with their own mate and tended to sire more offspring with extra-pair mates and thus sired more offspring overall. Our results support the hypothesis that the brilliant UV-blue ornamental plumage of male mountain bluebirds evolved at least in part because it provides males with an advantage in fertilizing the eggs of multiple females.     

Potentials and limitations of using large-scale forest inventory data for evaluating forest succession models

Forest gap models have been applied widely to examine forest development under natural conditions and to investigate the effect of climate change on forest succession. Due to the complexity and parameter requirements of such models a rigorous evaluation is required to build confidence in the simulation results. However, appropriate data for model assessment are scarce at the large spatial and temporal scales of successional dynamics. In this study, we explore a data source for the evaluation of forest gap models that has been used only little in the past, i.e., large-scale National Forest Inventory data. The key objectives of this study were (a) to examine the potentials and limitations of using large-scale forest inventory data for evaluating the performance of forest gap models and (b) to test two particular models as case studies to derive recommendations for their future improvement.     

Uncertainty analysis of transient population dynamics

Two types of demographic analyses, perturbation analysis and uncertainty analysis, can be conducted to gain insights about matrix population models and guide population management. Perturbation analysis studies how the perturbation of demographic parameters (survival, growth, and reproduction parameters) may affect the population projection, while uncertainty analysis evaluates how much uncertainty there is in population dynamic predictions and where the uncertainty comes from. Previously, both perturbation analysis and uncertainty analysis were conducted on the long-term population growth rate. However, the population may not reach its equilibrium state, especially when there is management by harvesting or hunting. Recently, there has been an increased interest in short-term transient dynamics, which can differ from asymptotic long-term dynamics. There are currently techniques to conduct perturbation analyses of short-term transient dynamics, but no techniques have been proposed for uncertainty analysis of such dynamics. In this study, we introduced an uncertainty analysis technique, the general Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST), to study uncertainties in transient population dynamics. The general FAST is able to identify the amount of uncertainty in transient dynamics and contributions by different demographic parameters. We applied the general FAST to a mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) matrix population model to give a clear illustration of how uncertainty analysis can be conducted for transient dynamics arising from matrix population models.     

小兴安岭天然林不同林分汞含量分布特征与生物质汞库估算

植被主要通过叶片气孔吸收大气气态单质汞,森林植被是大气汞重要的汇.量化森林生物质汞库对了解全球汞循环至关重要.为揭示森林乔木层（乔木层分为树干、树叶、树枝、树根和树皮）、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层（凋落物层分为未分解层（Oi）、半分解层（Oe）和已分解层（Oa））汞含量和汞库分配,本研究选取黑龙江省凉水自然保护区小兴安岭原始林阔叶红松林、次生原始林云冷杉林和次生原始林白桦林3种原始林开展植物和凋落物汞含量和汞库调查.结果表明,乔木层各组织中汞含量遵循树皮 > 树叶 > 树枝 > 树根 > 树干的规律,云冷杉林乔木层汞含量总体上高于阔叶红松林及白桦林乔木层汞含量.凋落物中汞含量排序为Oa > Oe > Oi,原始林阔叶红松林凋落物汞含量高于次生原始林白桦林凋落物汞含量,但低于次生原始林云冷杉林凋落物汞含量.进一步估算生物质总汞库发现云冷杉林、阔叶红松林和白桦林分别为212、192和163 μg·m^-2.乔木层地上部分是森林生物质汞库的主体,其树皮汞库占总汞库的37.4%~43.5%,灌木层和草本层仅占总汞库的1%左右.本研究可为进一步评估森林生态系统在大气汞循环中的作用及预测森林火灾发生时生物质燃烧汞释放潜势提供基础数据.     

太行山两侧污染物传输对横谷城市气溶胶的影响分析

利用2017~2019年太行山横谷城市阳泉PM₁₀和PM_2.5逐时浓度资料和对应时刻风速风向数据,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型通过聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子和浓度权重轨迹方法分析了横谷城市气流输送特征及对阳泉市气溶胶的影响,并进一步探讨了太行山两侧大气污染物的交换特征.阳泉市气溶胶日变化为单峰单谷型,冬季最高值出现在10：00~11：00,其他季节多在09：00,最小值均在15：00~16：00;月际变化呈1月最高、8月最低.受横谷地形影响,地面风向以偏东风和偏西风频率最高;除小风天气外,春秋季偏西风引起的沙尘天气和冬季偏东风输送也会引起阳泉气溶胶浓度升高;后向轨迹结合污染特征显示,各季节污染轨迹占比为春季26.2%、秋季36.4%和冬季33.7%,主要分布在阳泉的西南和东南区域,冬季在东北区域也有分布;山脉两侧均存在显著的细颗粒物传输,而起源或途经太行山西侧的轨迹粗颗粒物输送亦相对较多;污染轨迹中偏西气流输送对PM₁₀超标率影响更大,偏东气流则主要影响PM_2.5的超标率.不同季节阳泉市气溶胶主要污染潜在源区存在差异,春季为西南和东南两区域;秋季为西南及偏南区域,冬季主要位于偏南和偏东方向区域,山西东南部及与河南北部交界区域是主要的污染贡献源区,太行山两侧通过井陉通道进行大气污染物的相互传输过程显著,其中东向西的PM_2.5传输影响更显著.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of alpine ecotones: A spatial explicit model targeting altitudinal vegetation shifts

There is general agreement in literature that Alpine vegetation belt ecotones have shown a trend of upward migration in the last few decades. Despite the potential of such shifts as indicators of global change effects in mountain ecosystems, there are relatively few works focused on their assessment in a systematic and spatially explicit way. In this work our aim is to quantify the altitudinal shifts and analyse the spatial pattern dynamics of mountain ecotones. We developed a novel procedure to delineate the current and former state of three characteristic mountain ecotones, which we formalised as forest, tree and tundra lines. Our approach is based on the recognition of altitudinal extreme outposts identified with ecotone locations at a slope scale. The integration of multi-temporal datasets allows the identification and quantification of altitudinal advances and retreats in the outpost locations for a given period. We tested the method in a section of the Italian Alps for the period 1957-2003. Results show a general trend of an increase in altitude for the three ecotones, despite the occurrence of occasional decreases. We estimate decadal altitude increments of 25 m for forest line, 13 m for treeline and 11 m for tundra line. We also identified changes in ecotone spatial morphology between the two dates, with significant implications in connectivity and colonisation dynamics.     

南岳旅游客源市场开拓存在的问题及营销策略

客源是旅游业发展的原动力,客源市场分析准确与否,直接决定着旅游投资资金的可行性和安全性．而要把握好旅游客源市场,必须进行深入细致的市场调查与分析．南岳作为全国五大名山之一,近年来虽然旅游环境不断优化,产业素质明显增强,产业规模迅速扩大．但与国内各大知名旅游景区相比,南岳还有很大的差距,许多方面还存在着严重的不足,特别是在旅游市场开拓方面还有巨大的潜力需要发掘,为此,从客源市场特征反映的角度对南岳旅游做出一番有益的探讨,旨在为南岳的旅游发展提出建设性的措施．表4,参3．