长春市城市道路交通CO污染的空间分布模拟研究

在对CALINE4模式进行参数修正和模型验证的基础上,对长春市主要街路的日均ρ(CO)进行了模拟,得出了长春市机动车线源污染的空间分布特征.结果表明,长春市道路交通CO污染严重的区域主要集中在一环路以内.      

可持续发展状况的生态足迹模型定量评价——以山东省滨州市为例

可持续发展的定量测度研究是当前国际上关注的几个生态经济研究前沿问题之一。近年来生态足迹的方法用于定量的研究和判断某地区的可持续发展取得了一定的成果。通过生态足迹模型定量的计算和分析了2003年滨州市的生态足迹，计算得出滨州市的生态足迹需求为3．33hm^2，而生态承载力只有0．61hm^2，生态足迹需求是生态承载力的5．5倍，这反映了州市生产、生活的强度已大大超过了其生态系统的承载能力，生态系统处于过度开发状态。     

东莞市污水处理厂升级改造工艺路线初探

针对东莞市38个污水处理厂的实际情况,通过对目前城市污水处理厂常用的二级处理工艺进行技术升级改造时可能采用的深度处理工艺技术的综合分析比较,推荐了NPR、CNR、人工湿地三种工艺作为尾水的深度处理备选技术,提出了东莞市污水处理厂升级改造应优先采用CNR工艺,并可为我国不同地区、不同发展时期满足不同的水质需求进行污水处理厂工艺升级改造提供技术支持。     

阿尔山市生态足迹分析研究

研究基于阿尔山市2011年-2015年统计年鉴数据测算该市五年来人均生态足迹及生态承载力.结果表明:(1)阿尔山市2011年-2015年人均生态足迹(2.9223~4.0030 hm2·cap-1)呈现"先增后减再增"的变化趋势,以耕地占比最大;(2)人均生态承载力呈现"先减后增"的变化趋势,以林地贡献最大;(3)五年来总体表现为生态盈余,但牧草地及耕地出现生态赤字;(4)当地万元GDP生态足迹先减后增,资源利用率较低.阿尔山市目前整体社会经济发展供给大于需求,基本维持可持续发展.     

福州内河沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及其风险评价

对福州市11个内河表层沉积物样品中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行了分析,结果表明,沉积物中 15种PAHs的总量在84.3~2248.1 μg/kg之间,均值为899.6μg/kg,处于中等污染水平,且呈现中部和南部高,东部、西部和北部低的地理分布特征.沉积物中15种PAHs的总量与有机碳总量(TOC)呈显著性正相关(r=0.7829, P1,具有一定的生态风险.     

季节变化对贵阳市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的影响

为揭示季节变化对城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属含量的影响,分别于2010年7月和2011年2月在贵阳市城区采集对应灰尘样品,从整个城区和不同功能区两个尺度分析季节变化对地表灰尘重金属分布的影响.结果表明,季节变化对贵阳市地表灰尘重金属含量影响最大的元素是Pb和As;冬季灰尘中的As和Pb含量显著高于夏季,元素更易在细粒级灰尘中富集;受季节变化影响较大的功能区是城市广场和校园,其次是住宅区.夏-冬两季地表灰尘重金属粒级效应差异最大的元素是As和Pb,差异较大的功能区是城市广场、校园,最小的是商贸区.铅同位素比值分析表明贵阳市地表灰尘Pb与柴油尾气尘、油漆碎片和土壤有关.夏季降雨、冬季燃煤和夏冬两季温差等因素可能对贵阳市地表灰尘As和Pb含量季节变化有一定影响.     

杭州城市热岛空间分布及缓减对策

以夏季的杭州市为例,利用Landsat 5 TM热红外遥感数据提取并反演了杭州市地表的覆盖类型与地表温度,通过热场分级分析和剖面分析的方法,对杭州城市尺度下热岛的空间分布特征进行了分析,并揭示了杭州热岛的分布格局与城市用地类型、功能布局之间的空间对应关系,从城市用地类型的演化、城市空间格局的改变、城市用地布局的合理性以及人为热排放等方面剖析了杭州城市热岛的产生与影响机理.最后,从城市规划视角提出了合理控制城市用地扩展、构建开敞的城市生态空间、优化城市用地功能布局以及开展城市下垫面规划设计等城市热岛缓减对策,供未来杭州城市热环境改善工作参考.     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

宝鸡市区土壤重金属污染影响因子探测及其源解析

为深入分析工业城市土壤重金属污染的影响因子及来源途径,本文以宝鸡市区采集的62份表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品为研究对象,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定重金属(Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn和Ni)含量,基于地统计方法及地理探测器模型,以土壤重金属污染负荷指数(PLI)为主导指标,探测土壤重金属污染的影响因子,并使用Unmix6. 0受体模型进行重金属源解析.结果表明:①宝鸡市区表层土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As、Cr、Mn和Ni含量均值分别为0. 77、16. 75、40. 52、261、17. 03、49. 18、331和30. 52 mg·kg~(-1),其中Cd和Zn均值超过了国家二级标准,是陕西省土壤背景值的8. 2倍和3. 8倍,Cu、As和Ni均值也超过了陕西省土壤背景值,Cd和Zn在城区土壤中存在重度污染现象.②宝鸡市区表层土壤重金属区域总污染负荷指数(PLI_(zone))达1. 36,为轻度污染,经地理探测器分析,土壤质地和铁路距离对污染分布的解释力最强,P_(D,H)分别为0. 040和0. 026,交互解释力均达0. 099.③Cd、Cu和As主要为工农业活动所致的"人为源",Zn和Ni为交通排放造成的"人为源",Cr、Pb和Mn主要为"混合源".研究区表层土壤重金属主要来源为"混合源",为轻度污染级,土壤质地和距铁路距离是土壤重金属污染的主要影响因子.本研究可以为宝鸡市土壤重金属污染与防治提供科学依据.     

Urban earthquake hazard: perceived seismic risk and preparedness in Dhaka City,Bangladesh

Bangladesh is vulnerable to seismic events. Experts suspect that if an earthquake with a 7.0 magnitude occurred in large cities of Bangladesh, there would be a major human tragedy due to the structural failure of many buildings. The primary objectives of this paper are to examine seismic risk perception among residents of Dhaka City and investigate their levels of earthquake preparedness. A questionnaire survey conducted among 444 residents of the city provided the major source of data for the paper. The survey results suggest that an overwhelming majority of the respondents were not prepared for a major earthquake, which is anticipated to occur in Dhaka. Multivariate analysis of survey data reveals that value of residential unit and respondent educational levels appear as the most significant determinants of preparedness status of the respondents. This study recommends increasing earthquake awareness and preparedness among residents of Dhaka City.