论灾害防治指导思想的转变

在与灾害进行斗争的长期过程中，人类逐步形成了关于灾害防治的指导思想，其中既有正确的、科学的成分．也有错误的、不合理的成分。本文依据灾害本身的性质与规律，从灾害与自然生态──社会经济系统的相互关系原理出发，分析并重新认识当代社会人类进行灾害防治工作的指导思想．以图确立正确的灾害防治指导思想．为减灾防灾工作顺利而有效的展开奠定基础。     

轻型机动车尾气排放测试研究

通过在底盘测功机上进行轻型机动车的稳态负荷工况测试和瞬态负荷工况测试,进一步研究轻型机动车尾气排放污染物浓度、发动机输出功率、机动车行驶速度的相关性。并提出了通过计算排放变化率／加速度比例系数来确定稳态工况与瞬态工况的相关关系的方法,这对于I／M检测制度有很重要的技术意义。     

大气中甲磺酸粒子的来源及其对环境的影响

讨论了大气中甲磺酸粒子的来源,分析了甲磺酸粒子的自然循环及其对酸雨形成和气候变化的影响。     

徐州大气PM10污染特征研究

通过分析徐州市近几年的大气PM10监测数据和气象条件,研究了大气PM10质量浓度的时间变化规律及气象因素的影响,结果表明:PM10质量浓度年变化呈"冬重夏轻"的规律;在大气污染源数量和污染物排放量相对稳定的情况下,风和降水是影响大气颗粒物污染程度的主要气象因子,PM10浓度随温度的升高而降低,随气压的增强而减少。     

Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency: Constructing “Certainty” as Rebuttal

Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency was the first Supreme Court opinion generated specifically as a response to the issue of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, alleging that Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) failure to regulate is leading to environmental harms for plaintiffs. This essay examines the majority opinion of Justice Stevens and his use of presumption and burden of proof, within a logic of problematic integration, to construct “certainty” as a rebuttal to and rejection of the “uncertainty” offered by EPA. I examine how this strategically constructed rebuttal to “uncertainty” functions as a declarative act of “certainty,” advancing a proposition whose scientific, legal, or political acceptance could function as a tipping point away from the claims of “uncertainty” used by opponents on this contentious issue. Because of the court's influence, the implications of their “certainty” extend beyond the case and into the broader discussion of climate change science and environmental communication.     

新疆伊犁州2000～2005年生态环境质量变化评价与分析

利用Landsat-5 TM遥感影像解译的土地利用数据分析了新疆伊犁州(州直辖)2000～2005年的土地利用变化,同时根据<生态环境状况评价技术规范>(试行)(HJ/T192-2006),对该区域生态环境质量状况进行综合评价,对生态环境指标变化情况进行对比分析.结果表明,2000～2005年伊犁州的生态环境质量均为一般,生态环境质量指数(E1)减少0.71.主要原因为草地面积明显减少,耕地面积明显增加.     

上海金山石化区常规大气污染物随时间变化分析研究

利用上海金山石化点位2014年大气监测资料,分析石化地区SO2、NO2、O3、PM10和PM2.5随时间的变化趋势,为未来工业园区的合理规划布局提供理论基础和决策依据.结果表明:(1)常规大气污染物浓度具有明显的季节性特征,SO2 、NO2、PM10 、PM2.5冬季高浓度,夏季低浓度,O3变化趋势相反;(2)O3呈现明显单峰日变化,NO2 、PM10、PM2.5则出现双峰现象,这是由于太阳辐射增强造成光化学反应加剧、地面温度上升以及人类活动的影响.SO2受太阳辐射影响较小,日变化趋势不明显.(3)污染物浓度风向分析表明,测点常规污染物主要来源于金山新城排放,但化工区废气排放对O3浓度具有明显影响.     

Annoyance due to aircraft noise has increased over the years—Results of the HYENA study

In the HYENA study (HYpertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports) noise annoyances due to aircraft and road traffic noise were assessed in subjects that lived in the vicinity of 6 major European airports using the 11-point ICBEN scale (International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise). A distinction was made between the annoyance during the day and during the night. L_den and L_night were considered as indicators of noise exposure. Pooled data analyses showed clear exposure–response relationships between the noise level and the noise annoyance for both exposures. The exposure–response curves for road noise were congruent with the EU standard curves used for predicting the number of highly noise annoyed subjects in European communities. Annoyance ratings due to aircraft noise, however, were higher than predicted by the EU standard curves. The data supports other findings suggesting that the people's attitude towards aircraft noise has changed over the years, and that the EU standard curve for aircraft noise should be modified.     

Sandy desertification change and its driving forces in western Jilin Province, North China

This paper investigates the sandy desertification change between 1986 and 2000 in the western Jilin province, North China. Land use and land cover data were obtained from Landsat TM data by using a supervised classification approach. We summarized the total area of desertified land by each county, as well as the area for each of the four categories of desertified land. The changes of different types of land use and land cover between 1986 and 2000 were calculated and analyzed. Taking Tongyu and Qianan as examples, both human and natural driving forces of the sandy desertification were analyzed. Our analyses indicate that the material sources and windy, warm and dry climate are the immanent causes of potential land desertification, while the irrational human activities, such as deforestation, reclaiming and grazing in the grassland, are the external causes of potential land desertification. However, rational human activities, such as planting trees and restoring grassland can reverse the land desertification process. Furthermore, the countermeasures and suggestions for the sustainable development in ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in North China are put forward.     

Assessing the sustainability and adaptive capacity of the gooseneck barnacle co-management system in Asturias,N. Spain

The gooseneck barnacle fishery in Asturias (N. Spain) has undergone three important changes: (1) the early implementation of a co-management system based on Territorial User Rights for Fishing, (2) a change in management measures (due to a decrease in landings), and (3) an economic crisis. This has allowed us to analyze the systems’ sustainability in time through examining five critical variables: landings, effort, catch per unit effort (CPUE), mean market prices, and annual revenue. Additionally, we used focus groups and questionnaires to determine the response of the system to these three changes. Co-management has succeeded in maintaining or increasing CPUE throughout all management areas and produced stable mean market prices. This was achieved through flexible management policies and adaptive strategies adopted by the fishers, such as increased selectivity and diversification. The analysis of this fishery provides important lessons regarding the need to understand the evolutionary dynamics of co-management and the importance of embracing adaptive capacity.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0687-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.