Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro river basin, Spain

The occurrence of 43 pharmaceuticals belonging to predominant therapeutic classes and their distribution in surface water, suspended solids and sediments has been investigated in the Ebro river basin in the Northeast of Spain. WWTP effluents were found to be a main source of contamination and the spatial distribution was affected by the river flow at the sampling point and corresponding dilution factor, resulting in higher concentrations and higher loads in small tributary rivers than in the Ebro river. The study showed that some compounds are preferentially found bound to suspended solids and not detected in river water. Generally, compounds with basic characteristics (pKa > 7) showed higher tendency to bind to suspended solids. The sediment samples generally presented lower concentrations than suspended solids.     

基于三角随机模拟和ArcGIS的河流水环境健康风险评价模型

基于河流水环境系统中随机性、模糊性等多种不确定性共存或交叉存在的特性,将三角模糊数与随机模拟方法相耦合,构建了三角随机模拟模型,并将其应用到湘江(长沙段)的健康风险评价中。通过将各参数浓度进行三角模糊化和随机模拟,结果表明,各断面污染物造成的健康风险的变化趋势,总体沿湘江上游至下游逐步降低,表现为昭山 > 猴子石 > 五一桥 > 橘子洲 > 乔口 > 三汊矶,且昭山、三汊矶断面和乔口断面均有恶化趋势。相对于常规的确定性方法,本模型能够得出评价区域健康风险的可能值区间及其相应的概率水平等定量信息,更加客观、全面地表征评价区域的风险状态及其空间分布差异,为决策者提供更多有用的信息。     

基于多元统计分析的渭河西咸段水质评价

基于2012年旱季和雨季的水质监测数据,采用主成分分析(PCA)和绝对主成分多元线性回归分析(APCS-MLR)方法对渭河西咸段水体的污染特征进行了综合评价。结果表明,2012年渭河西咸段水体主要以有机污染和富营养化污染为主,同时存在一定的As污染。总体上,研究水体旱季比雨季污染严重,旱季和雨季提取的主成分及大部分断面综合排名不同,说明降雨对水质产生一定的影响。渭河西咸段水体在皂河入渭之前的上游污染相对较轻,污染贡献以干流排污为主;对应的下游水质较差,皂河是其最大的污染源。     

Striking the balance: Challenges and perspectives for the protected areas network in northeastern European Russia

Increasing anthropogenic pressure on the largest remaining tracts of old-growth boreal forest in Europe necessitates additional conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in northeastern European Russia. In a regional network comprising 8 % of the Nenets Autonomous District and 13.5 % of the Komi Republic, 248 areas have varying protected statuses as state nature reserves (zapovedniks), national parks, reserves/sanctuaries (zakazniks), or natural monuments. Due to increased natural resource extraction in this relatively pristine area, designation of additional protected areas is critical for the protection of key ecological sites. The history of ecological preservation in these regions is herein described, and recent recommendations for incorporating additional ecologically representative areas into the regional network are presented. If the protected area network can be expanded, the overall environmental stability in these globally significant ecosystems may remain intact, and can help Russia meet the 2020 Aichi conservation targets, as set forth by the Convention of Biological Diversity.     

武烈河流域水质污染特征及污染源解析

以武烈河流域2014年1—12月23项指标的监测数据为基础,采用单因子评价法和水质综合指数评价法,对水质污染特征进行综合评价;运用主成分分析法,确定流域主要污染因子及区域水质空间变化特征,并进一步对流域污染来源进行解析。结果表明：武烈河流域上游支流水质为Ⅱ类,干流段监测断面S1与S3水质为Ⅲ类,S2与S4水质为Ⅳ类,主要污染指标为BOD₅与TP;流域水质由2个主成分组成,COD_Cr、COD_Mn为第一主成分,NH₃-N、DO与BOD₅为第二主成分;流域主要污染源包括生活污水、工业废水、农业化肥和农药的投入和畜禽养殖废水等。     

大清河水系滨岸带入侵草本植物分布特征及影响因素

在雄安新区建设大背景下,保障大清河水系生物安全十分重要。为研究大清河水系入侵植物分布规律,探讨影响入侵植物分布的驱动因子,对大清河水系河湖滨岸带开展植被调查,识别滨岸带入侵植物,判定物种的入侵等级,分析物种入侵分布与环境因子和人类活动因素之间的相关性,并提出雄安新区面临的植物入侵风险及防范措施。结果表明：大清河水系有24种入侵植物,其中苋科和菊科合计占54.2%,一年生物种、无意引入物种分别占83.3%、62.5%,原产地为美洲的占62.5%,反枝苋、鬼针草、圆叶牵牛、鳢肠、大狼杷草、苘麻6种植物为流域内广布种;入侵植物种数和入侵性在流域中游的拒马河上游房山山区段、流域下游的牤牛河霸州城市段以及100 m高程分界线附近的山区—平原交接区明显高于其他区域;人类活动是影响植物入侵程度的主要因素,路网密度、建设用地面积占比越高,越有利于入侵植物的分布与扩散;大清河水系植物入侵程度尚可控,但需要在雄安新区建设过程中重视植物入侵定居及扩散风险,早做防范。

     

西北干旱区流域水污染特征与控制策略—以宁夏清水河流域为例

以宁夏境内黄河最大的一级支流清水河流域为例,分析重点断面水质、水环境容量及各控制单元污染负荷特征,并提出有针对性的污染控制策略。结果表明：2015—2018年清水河三营国控断面水质无法稳定达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水质标准,泉眼山断面化学需氧量（COD）存在超Ⅳ类水质标准风险。流域水环境容量COD为592.83~1 238.25 t/a,氨氮为51.99~193.60 t/a,总磷（TP）为5.02~12.85 t/a;流域平水期污染负荷入河量COD为15 661.1 t/a,氨氮为1 670.2 t/a,TP为784.5 t/a,分别是平水期水环境容量（COD为940.57 t/a,氨氮为114.64 t/a,TP为8.81 t/a）的16、14和89倍。固原控制单元单位面积污染负荷入河量最高（COD为3.04 t/a,氨氮为0.22 t/a,TP为0.06 t/a）,工业源与城镇生活源污染问题突出,中卫控制单元总污染负荷入河量最高（COD为 6 738.45 t/a,氨氮为868.88 t/a,TP为218.12 t/a）,城镇生活源污染较严重,而吴忠控制单元禽畜养殖污染较严重。基于水质目标和各单元的污染特征,建议固原控制单元加强工业企业污水回收利用、提高城镇污水处理能力,中卫控制单元重点关注污水收集处理设施建设与改造升级,吴忠控制单元在规模化养殖场推行禽畜粪污集中处理与回用。

     

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MISSOURI RWER BASIN WATER YIELD1

ABSTRACT: Water from the Missouri River Basin is used for multiple purposes. The climatic change of doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide may produce dramatic water yield changes across the basin. Estimated changes in basin water yield from doubled CO₂ climate were simulated using a Regional Climate Model (RegCM) and a physically based rainfall‐runoff model. RegCM output from a five‐year, equilibrium climate simulation at twice present CO₂ levels was compared to a similar present‐day climate run to extract monthly changes in meteorologic variables needed by the hydrologic model. These changes, simulated on a 50‐km grid, were matched at a commensurate scale to the 310 subbasin in the rainfall‐runoff model climate change impact analysis. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) rainfall‐runoff model was used in this study. The climate changes were applied to the 1965 to 1989 historic period. Overall water yield at the mouth of the Basin decreased by 10 to 20 percent during spring and summer months, but increased during fall and winter. Yields generally decreased in the southern portions of the basin but increased in the northern reaches. Northern subbasin yields increased up to 80 percent: equivalent to 1.3 cm of runoff on an annual basis.     

REAL-TIME SNOW SIMULATION MODEL FOR THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The Pittsburgh District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, is responsible for operating two multipurpose reservoirs in the 7384 square mile (19198 square kilometer) Monongahela Basin. A third reservoir, presently under construction, will soon be operating. The real-time forecasting of runoff for operational purposes requires simulation of snow accumulation and snowmelt throughout the Basin during the winter season. This article describes capabilities of SNOSIM, a model being developed for performing such simulation. The application of this model as part of a comprehensive system of water control software, and some initial simulation results are presented.     

黑臭水体综合整治案例分析——以海口市美舍河为例

阐述了海口市的母亲河——美舍河黑臭的主要原因以及整治工程措施,总结了黑臭水体治理的成效。由于市政基础设施薄弱,美舍河沿线存在生活污水直排,雨污错接、混接,合流溢流污染等情况,导致水体常年黑臭。自2015年以来海口市以流域为单元,遵循海绵城市、生态河道的先进理念,按照控源截污、内源治理、生态修复三步走原则,对美舍河开展黑臭水体整治。在控源截污方面,新建合流制排放管、布设截污管道共7.2 km,一体化污水处理设施3个,增加污水处理量7 500 m³/d;内源治理方面,采用挖掘机和绞吸清淤船配合的清淤方式清除污染底泥;生态修复方面,采用环境修复剂对底质进行改良,种植沉水植被36万m²,建设1.0 m×22 m橡胶坝2座,全水域投放水生态修复剂等。此外,美舍河采用梯级潜流人工湿地技术,在增强处理效果的同时,营造出良好的景观。通过上述综合整治,美舍河于2017年消除黑臭。