太湖、巢湖沉积物中重金属污染的总量特征及其区域性差异

选取太湖、巢湖污染较为严重的区域为研究对象,采集季节性沉积物柱状样,以0.5cm的间距高精度分割样品,分析其中的Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn等重金属元素的含量,对沉积物中重金属的总量特征及季节性变化特征进行了分析,得出以下结论:太湖、巢湖沉积物中重金属的总量均呈现出Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu的特征,季节性变化幅度为Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu,重金属元素的地球化学性质对其季节性变化有很大的影响.同时,不同的区域背景差异(如元素丰度、污染状况等)导致了太湖、巢湖采样点沉积物中重金属元素季节性特征的差异.     

巢湖流域灾害链成因机制与减灾对策

在对巢湖流域灾害进行深入研究的基础上,提出以"流域"为边界条件,自然和人文因素叠加下的灾害链作用机制和成因机理,着重从人-地关系地域系统的调控上来制定区域减灾对策,为流域可持续发展提供科学的理论依据与实践指导。从流域内灾害产生的地质—地貌、气象—水文、过渡区环境以及灾害产生的文化与经济四方面原因,分析灾害链产生的三条途径。针对性地提出了该流域减灾防灾必须以关键点为中心,采取生物措施与工程措施相结合、上下协同控制的六条减灾对策措施。     

基于免疫禁忌优化算法的生态环境评价指数公式及其应用

通过模拟流域生态环境自然发展的演化过程,结合巢湖流域的具体情况,提出了适用于多个指标的巢湖流域生态环境评价指数公式。通过设定公式中生态环境指标“参照”值,采用免疫禁忌搜索算法对公式中的待定参数进行优化,使生态环境评价指数公式形式简单、方便实用,并具有一定的普适性。生态环境质量评价结果表明,合肥市和巢湖流域整体生态环境质量为Ⅲ级(及格),而巢湖市和六安市生态环境质量较差。     

巢湖溶解性有机物时空分布规律及其影响因素

为研究巢湖溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)的时空分布规律及其影响因素,于2013年4月至2014年4月每月在巢湖3个不同湖区17个点位采集表层水样,测定了水体溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和溶解性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)浓度.结果表明,东部、中部和西部这3个湖区DON浓度具有显著差异(P0.01,n=13),这可能与西湖区入湖河流的外源输入以及DON的可利用性有关.水华期间,水体总氮总磷比、总溶解性氮磷比以及溶解性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)与溶解性活性磷(soluble reactive phosphorus,SRP)比值迅速降低,其中西湖区DIN/SRP在2013年8月降至5±7,表明水体出现氮限制.此外,DON浓度迅速降低,西部湖区叶绿素浓度与DON显著负相关(r=-0.265,P0.05,n=91),表明在氮限制条件下,DON具有一定生物可利用性.DOC浓度不存在显著空间差异,水温是控制这3个湖区DOC浓度变化的重要因素.东部和中部湖区DOC浓度还受叶绿素和硝态氮浓度的影响.此外,巢湖DOC/DON变幅较大,由于含氮化合物更易降解,因此DON是影响碳氮比值的主导因子,是表征DOM可利用性的重要组分.     

巢湖水总有机碳(TOC)-高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)相关性研究

巢湖是合肥市一个重要的生活饮用水水源，我们在2000年对其TOC和CODMn值进行了相实验研究，并据此对水体有机污染的状及其变化规律进行进一步的分析，该分析方法可为其它地表水源借鉴。     

Halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediment from a highly eutrophicated lake, China: Occurrence, distribution and mass inventories

Halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) including 16 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 37 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in 49 surfacial sediments from Chaohu Lake, a highly eutrophicated lake, China. PBDEs were detected in almost samples with the range of the total concentration (defined as Σ₁₆PBDEs) from 0.84 to 86.6 ng g⁻¹. Compared with the occurrence of PBDEs in Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta in China, lower percentage of BDE-209 over the concentration of Σ₁₆PBDEs was inferred by the high-volume application of penta-BDE mixture product for local domestic furniture purpose. The total concentration of 37 PCBs (Σ₃₇PCBs) ranged from 0.05 to 3.36 ng g⁻¹ with the most detection of PCB-1, -4, -52 and -71. Both the concentrations of Σ₁₆PBDE and Σ₃₇PCB poorly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), suggesting the significant contribution of phytoplankton organic carbons to sediment TOC. The contamination by PBDEs and PCBs in western region of the lake was significantly more serious than in eastern lake. Our findings about the higher residues of PBDEs and PCBs in sediments at the estuary of Nanfei River compared to the other estuaries also supported the conclusion that urban area (Hefei city) was the main source of PBDEs and PCBs. The comparison with the concentration of HOC in the present study with those in other lacustrine sediments around the world suggested the contamination by PBDEs in Chaohu Lake is at middle of the global concentration range, whereas PCBs is at low end of the global range which could be elucidated by local economic development and historical usage of PBDEs and PCBs. The mass inventories of HOCs in the lake were estimated at 561 and 38 kg, which corresponds to only 0.000006% and 0.0001% of these global historical produce volumes, respectively.     

巢湖污染现状及其治理措施

巢湖为我国“三河三湖”重点水污染防治流域之一。近年来,随着人口的增长、经济高速发展、人为社会经济活动的影响使水资源系统受到很大冲击,水质变劣,湖体营养过程加剧,生态环境受到明显损害,制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展。巢湖湖区水中高锰酸钾、总氮、总磷含量分别为4．9mg/L、2．48mg／L、0．227mg／L,水质类别为劣V类（重度污染）;表层沉积物中总氮、总磷含量平均值为1065mg／kg、587mg／kg。要实现流域水资源的可持续利用,必须加快水污染综合治理。分析了巢湖污染现状,结合实际情况提出了治理对策。     

环巢湖地区旅游资源可持续发展研究

根据环巢湖地区旅游资源的特点,分析了旅游资源开发中存在的问题,主要集中在水环境、特色旅游项目、景区环境、经营管理等方面,从宏观调控、法规法律、资源调查和保护、地区联动和环境教育等角度,提出了环巢湖地区旅游业可持续发展的主要对策。     

Understanding the anthropogenic phosphorus pathway with substance flow analysis at the city level

Excessive input of phosphorus into natural water bodies as a result of anthropogenic processes is an escalating factor that leads to eutrophication. Hence, quantifying the pathway of phosphorus throughout the socioeconomic system is essential for the selection of appropriate measures to mitigate phosphorus discharge. The study develops an analytical model of anthropogenic phosphorus flows within a socioeconomic system based on substance flow analysis. The model consists of five major subsystems: the phosphorous chemical industry, agriculture, animal feeding, human consumption, and waste management. The results show that the total input and output of phosphorus in Chaohu City over 2008 are 8517.70 ton (t) and 4682.76 t, respectively. The estimation of phosphorus discharged into local surface water is 544.22 t, which primarily comes from agriculture (391.99 t, 72.03%), followed by large-scale farming (55.70 t, 10.23%), rural consumption (56.81 t, 10.44%), urban consumption (30.42 t, 5.59%), and waste management (9.30 t, 1.71%). Intensive input of fertilizers in agricultural practices was identified as the most important source of phosphorus load on local surface water. Hence, we propose that the eutrophication of local water bodies could be addressed by optimizing local industrial structure, developing ecological and organic-based agriculture, and improving waste collection and disposal practices.     

巢湖十五里河沉积物磷平衡浓度对外源碳的响应及释放风险

2017年7月至2018年5月,在巢湖十五里河干流的城乡梯度方向,按照每两个月采样1次的频率,采集5个点位的表层沉积物样,分析沉积物磷形态,解析磷平衡浓度及对外源碳(乙酸钠)的响应,并对沉积物磷释放风险进行评估.结果表明,十五里河水体磷素污染严重,沉积物总磷含量平均为915. 04～1 205. 31 mg·kg~(-1),且沿城乡梯度方向缓慢下降,而生物有效性磷含量则保持稳定;外源碳降低了沉积物EPC_0值(下降约29%),也改变了各采样点EPC_0值大小排序;上覆水SRP浓度高于EPC_0值所占比例为66. 7%,而且磷吸附解吸平衡饱和度EPC_(sat)-20%所占比例约60. 0%,表明十五里河沉积物以磷吸附占优势,即沉积物总体上处于磷"汇"状态;外源碳的输入使得EPC_(sat)-20%所占比例由60. 0%上升为73. 3%,降低了沉积物磷释放风险水平.