Closing the knowledge-action gap in conservation with open science

The knowledge-action gap in conservation science and practice occurs when research outputs do not result in actions to protect or restore biodiversity. Among the diverse and complex reasons for this gap, three barriers are fundamental: knowledge is often unavailable to practitioners and challenging to interpret or difficult to use or both. Problems of availability, interpretability, and useability are solvable with open science practices. We considered the benefits and challenges of three open science practices for use by conservation scientists and practitioners. First, open access publishing makes the scientific literature available to all. Second, open materials (detailed methods, data, code, and software) increase the transparency and use of research findings. Third, open education resources allow conservation scientists and practitioners to acquire the skills needed to use research outputs. The long-term adoption of open science practices would help researchers and practitioners achieve conservation goals more quickly and efficiently and reduce inequities in information sharing. However, short-term costs for individual researchers (insufficient institutional incentives to engage in open science and knowledge mobilization) remain a challenge. We caution against a passive approach to sharing that simply involves making information available. We advocate a proactive stance toward transparency, communication, collaboration, and capacity building that involves seeking out and engaging with potential users to maximize the environmental and societal impact of conservation science.     

Distribution,characteristics and daily fluctuations of microplastics throughout wastewater treatment plants with mixed domestic–industrial influents in Wuxi City,China

• MPs were analyzed throughout three WWTPs with mixed domestic–industrial influents. • White polyethylene granules from plastic manufacturing were the most dominant MPs. • MPs abundance in random grab-sampling was lower than that in daily dense sampling. • The production of MPs such as microbeads need to be restricted from the source. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), microplastics (MPs) are complex, especially with mixed domestic–industrial influents. Conventional random grab sampling can roughly depict the distribution and characteristics of MPs but can not accurately reflect their daily fluctuations. In this study, the concentration, shape, polymer type, size, and color of MPs were analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy (detection limit of 0.05 mm) throughout treatment stages of three mixed domestic–industrial WWTPs (W1, W2, and W3) in Wuxi City, China, and the daily fluctuations of MPs were also obtained by dense grab sampling within 24 h. For influent samples, the average MP concentration of 392.2 items/L in W1 with 10% industrial wastewater was much higher than those in W2 (71.2 items/L with 10% industrial wastewater) and W3 (38.3 items/L with 60% industrial wastewater). White polyethylene granules with a diameter less than 0.5 mm from plastic manufacturing were the most dominant MPs in the influent of W1, proving the key role of industrial sources in MPs pollution. In addition, the daily dense sampling results showed that MP concentration in W1 influent fluctuated widely between 29.1 items/L and 4617.6 items/L within a day. Finally, few MPs (less than 4.0 items/L) in these WWTPs effluents were attributed to the effective removal of wastewater treatment processes. Thus, further attention should be paid to regulating the primary sources of MPs.     

商业建筑营业厅疏散楼梯总宽度设计与计算

依据经建生等人的观点,在商场营业厅人员换算系数及百人疏散指标这两个参数不变的情况下,商场营业厅疏散楼梯总宽度设计值取决于营业厅的面积折算值,并建议地上商业建筑的取值为0.5～0.7.研究表明,将营业厅面积折算值应用于商业建筑设计得出的楼梯间总宽度偏大.本文基于安全且经济地完成防火设计任务的理念,首先从调整商场营业厅面积折算值和将自动扶梯宽度计入疏散楼梯总宽度的角度进一步完善大型商场营业厅疏散楼梯总宽度设计,使其更趋于合理;然后应用火灾模拟软件及人员疏散时间公式进行验算,证明人员疏散是安全的,即本文提供的两种方法是可行的,从而为<建筑设计防火规范>的修编提供参考.     

摩托车齿轮类零件的工艺规程自动生成系统的研制

此文介绍了摩托车齿轮类零件的工艺规程自动生成系统。该系统直接从CAD系统中获取零件的有关信息,根据此文所建立的特征体素描述方法,自动生成零件的特征编码,采用零件自动识别的方法实现CAD/CAPP的信息集成,利用工艺知识库,通过工艺决策模型的分级推理,实现齿轮类零件的工艺过程设计的自动化。     

基于双向算法的湖库允许纳污负荷量计算及案例

为了加强湖库流域水环境保护与污染负荷排放管理,支持湖库控制单元允许纳污负荷量的计算和污染负荷分配决策的制定,在总结国内外环境容量相关研究的基础上,针对现状水环境总量控制技术中允许纳污负荷计算与分配环节存在的问题,提出基于双向算法的湖库允许纳污负荷量计算方法.并以EFDC(environmental fluid dynamic code)水环境模型为核心,通过模型概化、参数率定等建模技术与方法的研究,利用估算与精算相结合的方法制定排污情景,并应用模型完成情景分析.应用多次情景试算、分析的方法,制定优化的排污情景,从而计算出湖库允许纳污负荷量.最后以辽宁省柴河水库为实证区进行方法的应用,证明了方法具备科学性与计算精度.     

噪声地图的绘制与应用初探研究

当前噪声污染问题备受社会关注,噪声地图技术是一种直观简单的展示城市中环境噪声污染状况的方法,在城市规划、污染防治及环境保护方面发挥着越来越大的作用,噪声地图是由道路交通噪声、铁路噪声、工业噪声和机场噪声等对城市地图上每个接收点的叠加噪声值拟合图像绘制而成。本文介绍了国内外噪声地图的发展情况和应用,对噪声地图的分类、组成部分及绘制步骤进行论述,并对噪声地图的未来发展提出见解。     

北塘排污河天津中心城区段恶臭污染调查与分析研究

为研究天津市中心城区北塘排污河恶臭污染特征,沿北塘排污河布设5个采样点位,分别在夏、秋、冬三季进行了系统采样.北塘排污河夏、秋、冬三季总检出浓度为23.842 5 mg/m^3,夏季（9.273 1mg/m^3）＞冬季（8.388 4 mg/m^3）＞秋季（6.181 0 mg/m^3）,靖江桥和兵营桥两个点位受赵沽里泵站出水水质的影响较大,对周围的恶臭污染程度更为严重.北塘排污河污染物质总检出浓度组成特征：无机气体＞含氧烃＞烷烃＞芳香烃＞卤代烃＞烯烃＞硫化物,共检出物质67种,检出率大于70％的污染物共30种,广泛存在的物质为11种,主要恶臭污染物为少量的含氧烃、无机气体和硫化物,乙醛、丙酮、硫化氢和甲硫醇为北塘排污河主要恶臭污染物.     

引信电磁感应装定校验纠错码研究

对在引信电磁感应装定中可采用的不同检验纠错码方式进行了理论分析,最终选取循环码并采用循环冗余校验法进行校验纠错。将11位信息码元进行分组,选取其中一组（110）这3个信息码元作为研究对象,求出其生成矩阵与校验矩阵,得到加入校验码后的码元组成（1100101）,根据其矩阵设计出编码与解码的电路图。为了验证加入校验码后的校验效果,用MATLAB软件对（7,3）循环码在噪声情况下的传输误码率进行了仿真验证,得到的结果与理论分析结果一致。     

呼和浩特地区沙尘污染的环流特征分析与预报

呼和浩特地区每年发生多次大范围的沙尘天气污染,给交通运输、生态环境和人类生产生活带来诸多不利影响,尤其近年来, PM 2．5,PM 10已成为全社会关注的焦点,沙尘污染已引起社会与政府的高度关注。因此,对沙尘天气的分析与预报就显得尤为重要。本文对2002年至2011年近10年呼和浩特地区的沙尘污染下的天气环流特征进行了统计分析,并且进行了诊断分析,研究结果表明呼和浩特地区沙尘天气的气候特征是：年平均沙尘日数在27天以上,且大部分的沙尘污染源为系统性的外来沙尘,其余的为局地沙尘污染来自城市开发区域的地表裸土与建筑沙石;环流特征是：当北太平洋地区副高位势高度偏低,青藏高原至新疆500hPa高压脊异常偏强,亚洲大陆中高纬高度场较常年偏高时,呼和浩特市沙尘日数偏少。当春季太平洋海温表现为反厄尔尼诺（厄尔尼诺）典型态时,同期沙尘日数偏多（少）,反之亦然。通过对典型环流背景下沙尘暴的数值模拟和诊断分析,找出沙尘天气的预报着眼点：沙尘暴发生在不稳定的大气层结中,伴随有能量的积聚和释放,随着地面蒙古气旋及冷锋的强烈发展,中尺度切变线触发了沙尘活动。 MODIS卫星也对沙尘有一定的预报监视作用。     

城市空气污染分布不均匀特征分析

运用空气质量数据统计分析方法研究了广东省城市间空气污染的分布特征,同时以广州和佛山为例,根据主要工业污染源分布、常规监测站点监测数据及路边空气质量监测实验分析了城市内部空气污染分布特征。研究结果表明,城市间与城市内部的空气污染分布存在不均匀性,空气污染分布不均匀的特点使得少数监测站点的空气质量监测结果难以全面代表整个城市的空气质量。