Enrichment and fractionation of heavy metals in bed sediments of River Narmada, India

A metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Narmada in Central India has been carried out to examine the enrichment and partitioning of different metal species between five geochemical phases (exchangeable fraction, carbonate fraction, Fe/Mn oxide fraction, organic fraction and residual fraction). The river receives toxic substances through a large number of tributaries and drains flowing in the catchment of the river. The toxic substances of particular interest are heavy metals derived from urban runoff as well as municipal sewage and industrial effluents. Heavy metals entering the river get adsorbed onto the suspended sediments, which in due course of time settle down in the bottom of the river. In this study fractionation of metal ions has been carried out with the objective to determine the eco-toxic potential of metal ions. Although, in most cases (except iron) the average trace/heavy metal concentrations in sediments were higher than the standard shale values, the risk assessment code as applied to the present study reveals that only about 1–3% of manganese, <1% of copper, 16–19% of nickel, 4–20% of chromium, 1–4% of lead, 8–13% of cadmium and 1–3% of zinc exist in exchangeable fraction and therefore falls under low to medium risk category. According to the Geo-accumulation Index (GAI), cadmium shows high accumulation in the river sediments, rest of other metals are under unpolluted to moderately polluted class.     

Simulating Nitrate Leaching Profiles in a Highly Permeable Vadose Zone

An approach is developed to simulate leaching of a dissolved chemical constituent in the vadose zone of an aquifer. Specifically, nitrate loading at the water table for different water table depths, for a range of aquifer permeability values, and for different cases of heterogeneity of the aquifer, are considered. Models from the literature are first used to derive soil–water characteristic curves (water retention and hydraulic conductivity) from a grain size distribution curve for unsaturated conditions. Given infiltration from the surface, the initial conditions for the chemical concentration, and the water content profile, leaching of the chemical in the vadose zone is simulated as a function of both time and depth. The methodology is illustrated for a permeable aquifer. Simulations are undertaken using a finite element code for saturated and unsaturated flow. Different scenarios are simulated depending on the heterogeneity of the aquifer and the depth of the water table. Modeling results show that in the example case studied, nitrate concentration loading at the water table does not depend strongly on the position of the water table, but rather on the material properties of the aquifer. The contribution of this endeavor resides in the methodology which allows a prediction of nitrate leaching using only the grain size property of the aquifer. It allows practitioners to obtain a first assessment of leaching with limited data.     

中国皮革行业六价铬排放特征分析与监管建议

在分析皮革鞣制工艺现状基础上,根据2000—2013年环境统计数据、2010—2013年国控源监督性监测数据,以及典型制革园区不同类型皮革企业的现场监测数据,分析了中国皮革行业六价铬产生与排放特征,有针对性地提出了皮革行业六价铬的监管建议。     

环境适应性试验项目的选择

介绍低气压试验、高低温试验、湿热试验、IP防护等级试验、振动试验、冲击和碰撞试验、盐雾试验等试验项目的考核目的和相应试验参数,分析上述试验项目的适用范围。并根据当前产品的发展状况,简单介绍环境试验项目的组合和试验顺序。     

Fractionation and speciation of arsenic in three tea gardens soil profiles and distribution of As in different parts of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.)

The distribution pattern and fractionation of arsenic (As) in three soil profiles from tea (Camellia sinensis L.) gardens located in Karbi-Anglong (KA), Cachar (CA) and Karimganj (KG) districts in the state of Assam, India, were investigated depth-wise (0-10, 10-30, 30-60 and 60-100 cm). DTPA-extractable As was primarily restricted to surface horizons. Arsenic speciation study showed the presence of higher As(V) concentrations in the upper horizon and its gradual decrease with the increase in soil depths, following a decrease of Eh. As fractionation by sequential extraction in all the soil profiles showed that arsenic concentrations in the three most labile fractions (i.e., water-soluble, exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions) were generally low. Most arsenic in soils was nominally associated with the organic and Fe-Mn oxide fractions, being extractable in oxidizing or reducing conditions. DTPA-extractable As (assumed to represent plant-available As) was found to be strongly correlated to the labile pool of As (i.e. the sum of the first three fractions). The statistical comparison of means (two-sample t-test) showed the presence of significant differences between the concentrations of As(III) and As(V) for different soil locations, depths and fractions. The risk assessment code (RAC) was found to be below the pollution level for all soils. The measurement of arsenic uptake by different parts of tea plants corroborated the hypothesis that roots act as a buffer and hold back contamination from the aerial parts.     

大型厂房消防安全设计评估

借鉴国际性能法规发展的经验,跟踪国际火灾科学研究前沿,着手研究和建立适用于我国新的建筑防火设计规范体系,已成为我国消防现代化建设的重要战略任务之一。作者以具体实例为对象,分别采用处方式和性能化设计方法进行建筑防火设计评估,演示两者设计过程和设计理论的差异。本文将是一组文章之一,针对一个大型边间厂房的具体设计按照处方式法规进行了评估,文章鉴别设计中不符合现行规范的条款并按规范提出修订方案,其阐述和讨论结果可为进一步进行火灾安全性能设计提供参考。有关的性能设计分析将在另一篇文章中详细介绍。     

典型有色金属矿山城市小河流沉积物重金属形态分布及风险评估

采用改进的Tessier连续提取法分析了铜陵市惠溪河表层沉积物中7种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、As)的形态分布,并以风险评价编码法(RAC)和平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)对沉积物重金属污染程度和生态风险进行评价.结果表明:①Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,Zn、Ni和Pb主要以残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机结合态存在,Cd有机结合态的质量分数较低,其它几种形态大体接近.②Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和As有效态的质量分数分别为46.48%、4.62%、4.05%、4.12%、9.17%、0.97%和0.03%;按照RAC判定,Cd对环境构成高风险,Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的环境危害处于低风险水平,Pb和As则无风险.③惠溪河沉积物SQG-Q均值为10.42,远大于1.0,表明该河流具有非常高的潜在生物毒性效应;Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和As的PEL-Q系数分别为4.23、1.14、20.75、6.04、2.33、4.58和41.71,表明7种重金属的潜在生物毒性很大,不利生物效应将频繁发生.     

五边到场交通态势安全评估研究

为提高五边到场交通运行的安全性,基于客观、合理的评估五边到场交通态势的重要性,探讨空中交通复杂性在五边到场交通态势评估中的应用,并利用基于五边到场交通的复杂性图示方法,画出五边到场交通复杂性图,通过对复杂性图的分析来描述当前五边到场交通态势的安全特征,包括航空器与航空器之间发生冲突的可能性以及到场航空器允许插入五边的时间和位置等。结果表明:五边到场交通复杂性图能客观、准确地评估五边到场交通中航空器与航空器之间潜在的冲突大小,通过五边到场交通复杂性来对五边到场交通态势进行安全性评估是可行的。     

便携式质谱仪测定某化工园某企业大气中特征有机物

采用便携式质谱仪,通过对某化工园区某企业有机污染物调查,分析确定了该企业的特征污染物。为企业排污治理、安装有机物在线监测设备和加强环境监督管理提供科学依据。     

提高冷拔内模使用可靠性的研究

用安全学科的观点 ,对冷拔内模进行宏观痕迹分析和磨损失效模式的确定 ,并结合摩擦学精典的磨损理论 ,对冷拔内模进行微观磨损机理分析 ,从而为提高冷拔内模使用可靠性提供了理论依据和有效措施。