珠江三角洲地区酸雨污染趋势初探

本文从珠江三角洲地区酸雨监测数据资料入手,对本地区酸雨状况及其趋势进行探讨,研究结果表明,本地区酸雨依然严重,且广泛存在。     

用二阶闭合理论确定的大气扩散系数的分析

本文分析了作者以前得到的一种扩散系数的某些结果,认为这种扩散系数解释了垂直湍流和风切变的联合作用使水平扩散增大的实验观测结果;建立了与雷诺应力间的函数关系,在简化情况下,与泰勒理论得到的结论类似。在边界层低层,湍流扩散系数与粘性系数是不相等的,有时会有较大差别。     

A high-order splitting scheme for the advection-diffusion equation of pollutants

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基于QAR数据的飞机全航段黑碳排放量计算与分析

黑碳气溶胶是航空发动机运行过程中产生的一种主要颗粒污染物.为评估飞机全航段的黑碳排放特性,在一阶近似方法（FOA）的基础上,提出一种基于黑碳形成和氧化过程的形成氧化法（FOX）.使用GE90-115B型发动机历史QAR数据进行实例分析,结合QAR数据中燃油流量、空气燃料比、燃烧室入口温度、主燃区火焰温度等热力学参数,计算某次飞行全航段的黑碳排放量.结果表明,形成氧化法的计算结果高于一阶近似方法,巡航阶段的总排放量高于起飞着陆循环.分析表明,结合实际飞行数据的形成氧化法,考虑了发动机的性能差异、燃烧品质及外界环境条件对排放特性的影响,能够更加真实有效地评估飞机全航段的黑碳排放量,为飞机排放监测及排放的适航符合性验证等效替代提供更加准确的依据.     

K2FeO4氧化降解3,4－二甲基苯胺的机理研究

以3,4－二甲基苯胺为目标污染物,高铁酸钾（K₂FeO₄）为氧化剂,考察催化氧化过程中的表观动力学及反应机制,确定高铁酸钾降解3,4 －二甲基苯胺的表观动力学方程为：r=0.0043C_A^0.486C_B^1.2477,反应级数为1.7337,符合准二级动力学方程.同时通过GC/MS技术,分析降解过程的中间产物,推测在高铁酸钾的作用下,3,4－二甲基苯胺先转变成2,4－二甲基苯胺,然后苯环上的氨基及甲基先后被氧化,生成4－硝基间苯二甲酸,再发生脱羧反应,生成硝基苯,硝基苯被高铁酸钾进一步攻击,生成苯环正离子,其后开环生成一系列小分子烃类物质,这些物质继续被氧化,最终生成二氧化碳与水.推测该氧化还原过程的控制反应为两步：第一步,高铁酸钾攻击3,4－二甲基苯胺苯环上的侧链;第二步为苯环的开环反应.此降解过程主要包括表面络合催化与界面催化两种反应机制.     

Effect of algal flocculation on dissolved organic matters using cationic starch modified soils

Modified soils(MSs) are being increasingly used as geo-engineering materials for the sedimentation removal of cyanobacterial blooms. Cationic starch(CS) has been tested as an effective soil modifier, but little is known about its potential impacts on the treated water.This study investigated dissolved organic matters in the bloom water after algal removal using cationic starch modified soils(CS-MSs). Results showed that the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) could be decreased by CS-MS flocculation and the use of higher charge density CS yielded a greater DOC reduction. When CS with the charge density of 0.052, 0.102 and0.293 meq/g were used, DOC was decreased from 3.4 to 3.0, 2.3 and 1.7 mg/L, respectively.The excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and UV254 analysis indicated that CS-MS exhibits an ability to remove some soluble organics, which contributed to the DOC reduction. However, the use of low charge density CS posed a potential risk of DOC increase due to the high CS loading for effective algal removal. When CS with the charge density of 0.044 meq/g was used, DOC was increased from 3.4 to 3.9 mg/L. This study suggested, when CS-MS is used for cyanobacterial bloom removal, the content of dissolved organic matters in the treated water can be controlled by optimizing the charge density of CS. For the settled organic matters, other measures(e.g., capping treatments using oxygen loaded materials) should be jointly applied after algal flocculation.     

Isomeric analysis of PCDD/PCDF in waste incinerator fly ash by GC-MS/MS

The development of an analytical method for the analysis of PCDD/PCDF in flyash using a bench analytical system comprising of a gas chromatograph fitted with an ion trap detector operated in the tandem MS mode is described. The optimum settings for the most important MS/MS parameters are given, including those for the less reported mono- to tri-chlorinated dioxin and furan congener groups. Flyash samples from three waste incineration plants representing a decommissioned 1970s plant design, an upgraded and still operating plant originally designed in the 1970s, and a modern 1990s design operating plant have been analysed for PCDD/PCDF. The flyash samples were analysed for PCDD/PCDF using the methods developed and the total PCDD/PCDF, I-TEQ values and isomeric profiles are reported. The flyash from the older decommissioned incinerator had very significantly higher concentrations of PCDD/PCDF compared to the modern incinerator flyash.     

Negotiating Indigenous knowledge at the science-policy interface: Insights from the Xáxli’p Community Forest

Despite increasing interest in learning from Indigenous communities, efforts to involve Indigenous knowledge in environmental policy-making are often fraught with contestations over knowledge, values, and interests. Using the co-production of knowledge and social order (Jasanoff, 2004), this case study seeks to understand how some Indigenous communities are engaging in science-policy negotiations by linking traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), western science, and other knowledge systems. The analysis follows twenty years of Indigenous forest management negotiations between the Xáxli’p community and the Ministry of Forests in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, which resulted in the Xáxli’p Community Forest (XCF). The XCF is an eco-cultural restoration initiative that established an exclusive forest tenure for Xáxli’p over the majority of their aboriginal territory—a political shift that was co-produced with new articulations of Xáxli’p knowledge. This research seeks to understand knowledge co-production with Indigenous communities, and suggests that existing knowledge integration concepts are insufficient to address ongoing challenges with power asymmetries and Indigenous knowledge. Rather, this work proposes interpreting XCF knowledge production strategies through the framework of “Indigenous articulations,” where Indigenous peoples self-determine representations of their identities and interests in a contemporary socio-political context. This work has broader implications for considering how Indigenous knowledge is shaping science-policy negotiations, and vice versa.     

ORDER CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN CATCHMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Stream order systems provide useful classification methods according to the number of tributaries collected. In urban catchments, sewer line order is a concepot concept providing for the same type of classification. Horton's stream order system is used to classify sewers beginning with the smallest lines as first order to the largest main sewer which is sixth order for two catchments studied. Average tributary area, average length and number of lines are shown as functions of order. The bifurcation ratios are also presented. They can be used for finding the number of sewer lines in the next order. The number of first order lines depend on lot size and the bifurcation ratios vary widely.