中国国家公园建设潜在区域识别研究

国家公园是保护具有国家代表性资源的自然生态区域,建设国家公园体制是中国国土生态安全保障和生态文明体制改革的重要内容。论文基于国际经验、国家公园功能和政策内涵,依据国家公园主导定位和生态系统服务理念,构建了包含6个关键指标的综合评价模型,包括生态系统完整性、生态重要性、原真性、生物多样性、自然景观价值与人文遗产价值,分别进行单一要素层评价和多指标空间叠加分析,再结合中国生态地理区划、生态功能区划和省级行政区管理等因素进行比对和范围遴选提取,初步确定了中国国家公园建设的潜在区域。结果表明,生态系统完整性、生态重要性、生物多样性、原真性的高值集聚区域具有趋同性,生态系统完整性较好的区域,承担着重要的生态功能,生物多样性也较高,原真性保存较好。中国三大阶梯与自然地理区域的叠加分布特征明显,东西部潜在区域的面积差异较大,西部地区的空间连续性较强,潜在区域的跨界性较为明显。初步遴选出55处未来可以重点考虑建设的陆地型国家公园潜在区域。研究可为中国国家公园建设合理布局提供方法参考和理论借鉴。     

Particulate matter pollution in Kunshan High-Tech zone: Source apportionment with trace elements, plume evolution and its monitoring

Particulate matter(PM) in the Kunshan High-Tech zone is studied during a three-month campaign. PM and trace elements are measured by the online pollution monitoring, forecastwarning and source term retrieval system AS3. Hourly measured concentrations of PM_(10), PM_(2.5) and 16 trace elements in the PM_(2.5) section(Ca, Pb, Cu, Cl, V, Cr, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Ba)are focused. Source apportionment of trace elements by Positive Matrix Factorization modeling indicates that there are five major sources, including dust, industrial processing, traffic,combustion, and sea salt with contribution rate of 23.68%, 21.66%, 14.30%, 22.03%, and 6.89%,respectively. Prediction of plume dispersion from concrete plant and traffic emissions shows that PM_(10) pollution of concrete plant is three orders of magnitude more than that of the traffic. The influence range can extend to more than 3 km in 1 hr. Because the footprint of the industrial plumes is constantly moving according to the local meteorological conditions, the fixed monitoring sites scattered in a few hundred meters haven't captured the heaviest pollution plume at the local scale of a few km~2. As a more intensive monitoring network is not operationally possible, the use of online modeling gives accurate and quantitative information of plume location, which increases the spatial pollution monitoring capacity and improves the understanding of measurement data. These results indicate that the development of the AS3 system, which combines monitoring equipment and air pollution modeling systems, is beneficial to the real-time pollution monitoring in the industrial zone.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

深圳城市大气中非甲烷烃季节变化特征

应用GCMS-QP2010对深圳2015~2016年4个季节大气56种非甲烷碳氢化合物（NMHCs）进行在线监测分析.从成分来看,四季总NMHCs平均浓度为23.6×10^-9,呈现出冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季≈春季的变化特征,其中烷烃比例最高（65.4%~74.7%）,其次是芳香烃（13.3%~21.7%）和烯烃（7.1%~11.6%）,丙烷、甲苯、乙烷、正己烷、正丁烷、乙炔、2-甲基戊烷、异丁烷、乙烯和3-甲基戊烷是浓度最高的10个物种.相关性和日变化分析表明,深圳大气中NMHCs受到机动车、溶剂挥发相关工业源以及植物释放等多重来源的共同影响,其中甲苯、2-甲基戊烷、3-甲基戊烷和正己烷受工业源影响最为显著,而异戊二烯主要来自于天然源.     

再开发利用工业场地土壤重金属含量分布及生态风险

选取上海市普陀、宝山、闵行和嘉定这4个区内50块典型场地,测定1847个不同垂直剖面深度土壤样品中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr和As含量,并通过内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行评价.从总体上看,Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr和As在表层土壤样品中的平均含量分别为0.33、0.37、74.55、69.23和9.05 mg ·kg^-1,其中Hg、Cd和Pb均超过上海市土壤背景值,分别是背景值的2.75、2.85和2.93倍;5种重金属含量随着土壤垂直剖面深度的增加逐渐降低,深层和饱和带土壤重金属含量接近或低于背景值水平,这表明人类活动扰动影响主要局限于表层.普陀区表层土壤中Hg、Cd和Pb的累积程度最为明显,平均含量是背景值的4.25、4.85和3.09倍;宝山区的Hg和Pb平均含量则为背景值的4.92和6.43倍.宝山区和普陀区的内梅罗综合指数分别为3.70和3.20,属重污染等级;普陀区潜在生态风险指数最高为398.59,具有很强风险,宝山潜在生态风险指数为303.08,具较强风险.闵行和嘉定土壤重金属含量和生态风险水平相对较低.综上,再开发利用工业场地土壤重金属污染受企业生产年限、行业类型及历史管理水平等因素的综合影响,工业发展较早的普陀和宝山土壤重金属累积程度明显高于闵行和嘉定.工业场地土壤中重金属Hg、Cd和Pb的污染值得关注.     

基于模糊物元的工业园区空气质量评价模型

针对工业园区空气质量的复杂性和模糊性,利用模糊物元分析理论,结合海明贴近度的概念,建立了一种基于模糊物元的空气质量评价模型。以金山二工区为例,选取《环境空气质量标准》规定的6种主要污染物SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10、PM2.5作为评价指标,分析了园区内5个自动监测站2016年7月1日的环境空气质量状况,并与空气质量指数(AQI)技术分析结果作比较。两种方法的评价结果基本一致,与实际状况相符。     

产业生态学的技术方法研究及应用

介绍了产业生态学的兴起,阐述了作为一门交叉学科,产业生态学广泛吸取了其他学科的理论和方法,例如生态学中的系统演化理论、经济学中的投入产出分析方法等,并在这些理论和方法的基础上,形成了自身的理论和方法体系,其中包括物质和能量流分析、生态效率、生产者责任延伸制、产品导向的环境政策等。提出随着这些理论和方法研究的不断完善和深入,产业生态学将广泛用于企业、区域、国家甚至全球层面上,在更广的领域和范围内发挥积极作用。     

中国工业企业排污强度影响因素的实证分析

在均衡污染模型的基础上,采用中国省级面板数据,选取4种代表性工业污染物,分析了东中西部工业企业排污强度的影响因素及区域差异。实证研究表明,东中部地区的污染排放强度随经济发展相对水平的上升而下降,而西部地区仍是将经济发展放在环境保护之上。其次,随着受教育水平的提高,先是工业企业得到发展从而带来更大的污染,随着当地对环境的关注逐渐加强,排污强度开始下降。     

壳聚糖及其衍生物在工业废水处理中的应用研究进展

壳聚糖是一种对环境友好同时具有多种特性的天然高分子聚合物。以壳聚糖及其衍生物处理工业废水,安全无毒、可生物降解、无二次污染。对国内外近年来壳聚糖及其衍生物在印染、电镀、食品加工、造纸等工业废水处理方面的研究和应用进展进行了扼要的综述。     

香料生产废水的生化处理研究

某合成洋茉莉醛香料厂的生产废水中含有香料、香料副产品、降解物以及原辅材料,具有CODcr浓度高、水质波动大以及水中污染物成分复杂等特点,属于典型的高浓度难降解有机废水,而该厂现有的废水处理工艺不仅流程长、费用高且出水难以达到GB8978—1996一级排放标准。本文采用活性污泥法及MBR工艺研究了洋茉莉醛香料废水的处理效果及其影响因素,并结合GC—MS对降解产物进行了分析。试验结果表明：采用本文方法对洋茉莉醛香料废水有较好的降解作用,可经较少的步骤处理实现达标排放。