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611.
The timing of chemical signaling with urine in dominance fights of male lobsters (Homarus americanus) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chemicals carried in the urine are a rich source of information about the identity, sex, aggressive motivation, and other
attributes of an animal. In agonistic interactions, animals should be careful about disclosing such information, since it
can be used by receivers to the disadvantage of the sender. By adjusting the timing of urine release, the signaler may still
influence the behavior of the receiver to its own benefit. Here we investigate the urine signaling of American lobsters (Homarus americanus), necessary for the maintenance of dominance, using a catheter technique with high temporal resolution. We hypothesize that
urine release in lobster fights is not continuous but restricted to moments that may elicit a reaction in the receiver beneficial
to the sender. We found that eventual winners signaled more readily in the initial phase of the fight. Eventual losers did
not show such initial urination. This suggests that a confident lobster may use urine signals to influence the behavior of
its opponent into giving up the fight at an early stage. For both winners and losers, urine release is linked to offensive
behavior and increases as the intensity of agonistic behavior increases. The coupling of urine release to offensive behaviors
appears to improve both the reliability and efficacy of the chemical signal. Releasing urine under the increasing risk of
inflicting injury during the fight provides a handicap that may ensure reliability of the threat signal. Furthermore, the
immediate coupling of urine components to offensive behavior may help to consolidate the receiver"s memory of the signaler"s
individual scent and thus facilitate future recognition of the dominant animal.
Received: 6 October 1999 / Accepted 28 August 2000 相似文献
612.
Brian?D.?WisendenEmail author Mike?S.?Pollock Robyn?J.?Tremaine Jeff?M.?Webb Monique?E.?Wismer Douglas?P.?Chivers 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(5):485-490
Chemical and visual sources of information are used by aquatic prey during risk assessment. Here, we test the behavioral response of littoral prey fish to combinations of chemical alarm cues (skin extract) and the visual presence of a fish shoal. We scented minnow traps with either alarm cues or water (control) placed inside the trap, a jar that contained either a fish shoal or nothing (control), and recorded the number and species of fish captured. We predicted that chemical alarm cues would reduce the number of fish captured and that a fish shoal would increase the number of fish captured. The predicted effect of chemical and visual cues combined depended on the nature of the interaction. We found that the lowest catch rate was for the combination of alarm cue + no shoal, but the highest catch rate occurred for the combination of alarm cue + shoal. Fish shoal + water had the second highest catch rate and no shoal + water had the second lowest catch rate. We conclude that chemical alarm cues induce area avoidance in the absence of a shoal, but a strong behavioral proclivity to increase shoal cohesion in the presence of a shoal. The presence of a shoal in the traps induced alarmed fish to shoal with them and thus, enter the traps. This occurred even though traps were the source of the alarm cue.Communicated by A. Mathis 相似文献
613.
Summary. Many secondary plant compounds are involved in defense against both insect herbivores and pathogens. Two secondary plant
compounds of Plantago lanceolata, the iridoid glycosides catalpol and its precursor aucubin, are well known for their deterrent effects on generalist and
non-adapted specialist insect herbivores. We tested the effects of these compounds on the in-vitro growth of a specialist
and generalist fungal pathogen of this host species. Two chemical forms of these iridoids were tested. The glycosides and
their aglycones, the products of enzymatic conversion by specific $/Beta$-glucosidase enzymes. The glycosides enhanced growth
of both the specialist fungus Diaporthe adunca and the generalist fungus Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. The positive effect of these glycosides on the generalist fungus is in sharp contrast with the generally negative effects
of these glysosides on generalist insect herbivores. The aglycones of aucubin and catalpol reduced the growth of the specialist
fungus D. adunca, but, contrary to expectation, enhanced the growth of the generalist fungus F. moniliforme var. subglutinans. Effects of aucubin on D. adunca were stronger than effects of catalpol. This was true both for the growth stimulating effects of the glycosides and for the
fungitoxic effects of the aglycones. We therefore expect that the effects of these iridoids in P. lanceolata on the specialist fungus will strongly depend on the ratio between catalpol and its precursor aucubin and the chemical form
(glycoside or aglycone) in which these compounds are encountered by the fungus during growth. Our results suggest that iridoid
glycosides in P. lanceolata can be used as defense against both herbivores and pathogens, but that their effects are highly specific with respect to
the natural enemy species that is encountered.
Received 11 April 2002; accepted 9 August 2002 相似文献
614.
Rapha?l?JeansonEmail author Jean-Louis?Deneubourg Anne?Grimal Guy?Theraulaz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,55(4):388-394
Insect societies are often confronted with choices among several options such as food sources of different richness or potential nest sites with different qualities. The mechanisms by which a colony as a whole evaluates these situations and takes the appropriate decision are of crucial importance for its survival. Here we studied how collective decisions arise from individual behaviors when a group of workers of the ant Messor barbarus is given a choice between two aggregation sites. Two hundred ants were introduced into an arena and given a choice between two tubes connected to the arena. The tubes had different physical properties: dry and transparent (termed as dry), humid and transparent (termed as humid), or dry and dark (termed as dark). After 30 min, most ants were found to be aggregated in a humid tube when paired with a dry tube, or in a dark tube when paired with a humid one. When two humid tubes were in competition, ants aggregate more in one of the sites. The choice of ants was consistent throughout experiments. An analysis of individual behaviors shows that the probability of an ant recruiting and the intensity of its trail-laying behavior strongly depend on the quality of the tubes. Our study suggests that the selection of an aggregation site does not require that individual ants directly compare sites, but rather relies on the synergy between amplification processes involving recruitment by chemical trails, and a modulation of the individual resting time in a site as a function of its population.Communicated by L. Sundström 相似文献
615.
Maud C. O. Ferrari Myles R. Brown Michael S. Pollock Douglas P. Chivers 《Chemoecology》2007,17(3):157-161
Summary. Many aquatic prey are known to use chemical alarm cues to assess their risk of predation. In fishes, such alarm cues can be
released either through damage of the epidermis during a predatory attack (capture-released) or through release from the predator
feces (diet-released). In our study, we compared the importance of capture- versus diet-released alarm cues in risk assessment
by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) that were na?ve to fish predators. We utilized two different fish predators: a specialized piscivore, the northern pike
(Esox lucius) and a generalist predator, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Handling time of pike consuming minnows was much shorter than for trout consuming minnows, likely resulting in less epidermal
damage to the minnows during attacks by pike. In accordance with this, minnows showed a less intense antipredator response
to capture-released cues from pike than capture-released cues from trout. This represents a paradox in risk assessment for
the minnows as they respond to the specialized piscivore, the more dangerous predator, with a less intense antipredator response.
In contrast, the minnows showed a stronger antipredator response to the specialized piscivore than to the generalist when
given diet cues. This work highlights the need for researchers to carefully consider the nature of the information available
to prey in risk assessment. 相似文献
616.
617.
不同植被对工业污染区盐渍土的改良效果 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以包头市西郊工业污染区盐渍化弃耕地为对象,研究了不同植被对土壤水盐动态和体积质量的影响。研究表明,造林后使林地内草本植物得到较快恢复,且归还土壤的枯落物比木本植物多,改良盐渍土壤和促进脱盐的作用较好;随植被盖度增加,盐渍土土壤含盐量和体积质量降低,盐渍土性状逐步改善。因此,在实施以耐盐树种造林为先导的工业污染区盐渍土恢复植被工程时,应适当降低造林密度,以利于林地内草本植物的恢复和建立林草复合植被,提高工业污染区盐渍土的生物治理效果。 相似文献
618.
载银活性炭法处理含汞废气 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
对工业生产作业车间中的含汞废气,采用气相导流-纤维体过滤-载银活性炭吸汞净化工艺,可使车间操作空间的含汞浓度0.10~0.70mg/m^3,降低到<0.07mg/m^3,治理效率>95%,经处理后的空气中含汞浓度低于国家标准允许排放的浓度值。 相似文献
619.
基于网络SBM-DEA模型和GML指数的中国各省工业用水效率研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
近年来,中国工业用水占全部用水的比例在20%~30%左右,提升工业用水效率、节约集约利用水资源已经成为影响中国国民经济可持续发展的重要问题之一。本文基于网络SBM-DEA模型和GML指数,研究了2007-2015年中国各省工业用水效率,实证结果发现:(1) 从年度平均值来看,与污水治理阶段相比,生产阶段处于前沿面的省份更多,各省份与前沿面的差距相对较小。北京、天津、内蒙古、山东、广东、海南等省份生产阶段工业用水效率较高,但是污水治理阶段的效率值却较低;辽宁、吉林、安徽、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、广西、贵州、云南、青海等省份生产阶段效率值较低,但是污水治理阶段的效率值却较高。(2) 从各时间段的几何平均值来看,大部分省份网络和污水治理阶段的GML指数值小于1,但是生产阶段的GML指数值大于1。因此,在提升生产阶段的工业用水效率的同时,需要加大工业污水的治理力度,提升污水治理阶段的效率,并树立工业生产和治污同步进行的意识,特别是北京、天津、内蒙古、山东、广东、海南等污水治理效率较低的省份。 相似文献
620.