环境应急监测方法测定水中化学需氧量的研究

随着社会和经济的快速发展,环境污染事故尤其是突发性水污染事故,不仅在发生次数上,而且在污染的危害程度上有增大趋势。应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置与善后处理中的重要环节。用真空检测管-电子比色法测定水和废水中的化学需氧量,实验结果表明,该方法的准确度和精密度较高。方法最低检出限为10 mg/L,回收率为89.0%～105%,相对标准偏差为1.8%～12.3%,相对误差为-2.38%～＋8.80%。用重铬酸盐法和真空检测管法测定实际样品,2种方法相对误差为-34.7%～＋6.86%,能满足半定量检测要求,符合环境应急监测分析的要求。     

云南高原楚雄市降水分布与旱涝灾害分析

运用楚雄市1961~2009年的降水量资料,通过统计检验、五点三次滤波法并计算了楚雄降水距平百分率,分析了楚雄市旬、侯、月﹑季、年际降水量变化特征及旱涝灾害的时间分布特征,得出楚雄市49年平均降雨量为867.77 mm,2000~2009年来年平均降雨量为935.57 mm,比49年均值偏高67.8 mm,呈上升趋势。降水主要集中在5~10月,干湿明显,楚雄市冬春干旱年年都有发生,只是程度不同,初夏干旱如遇大气环流异常发生的机率较大,干旱发生连续性较强,洪涝灾害偶有发生。并对旱涝灾害成因进行了分析,提出了旱涝灾害防治基本对策。     

铁盐絮凝法从阳宗海湖水中除砷研究与现场扩大试验

阳宗海是我国云南省第三大高原湖泊,2008年6月发现被砷污染,水质从Ⅱ类下降到劣Ⅴ类.由于阳宗海面积有31km2,蓄水量6.04亿m3,不可能实施传统除砷絮凝法中的预氧化及调p H值等操作,试验研究了直接对阳宗海砷污染湖水雾化喷洒Fe Cl3溶液除砷的工艺条件.结果表明,对于p H 8.6的50 L湖水,Fe Cl3用量为1.62~3.20 mg·L-1即可达到95.1%~96.7%的除砷率.在除砷反应中,湖水的p H值稳定不变,湖中鱼类的生存不受影响,且反应生成的沉淀物在954 d后于湖水中仍稳定存在,检测不出砷.在现场1万m3和25万m3湖水中的扩大试验也取得了良好的除砷效果,为大型湖泊水体减污治理提供了典型实施范例.     

河南神农山过去162年树轮季节降水重建

采用河南神农山白皮松轮宽序列,重建了该地区1850—2011 年上年9 月至当年6 月降 水量序列,重建方程方差解释量为42.4%。重建序列显示,在过去162 年中,神农山地区经历了 4 次持续时间超过5 年的严重干旱时段：1860—1879,1888—1913,1917—1945,1992—1998, 以及三次较为湿润的时段：1882—1893,1946—1991,1999—2006。发现研究区在1945 年之前 干旱频发,且持续时间较长。在1945 年之后,持续性干旱事件较少发生,降水量有上升趋势。 神农山降水重建序列与由历史文献记录划分的洛阳和郑州二地旱涝指数及亚洲– 太平洋涛动指 数（APO）相关显著。序列中的干旱事件发生时间与陕西、甘肃、宁夏等地的干旱出现较为一致。 空间相关分析结果显示,重建序列和观测序列分别与CRU TS3.10.01 降水序列相关显著且表现出 相似的空间相关模式,表明神农山降水重建序列较为可靠,在一定程度上能代表更大空间范围 的降水变化。功率谱分析表明,降水重建序列存在2.69 年,2.47 年,2.06 年的准周期,暗示研 究区降水变化可能受到与海陆耦合相关的准两年波动和ENSO 的影响。     

湿法脱硫工艺对烟气中二价汞吸收特性的模拟研究

利用湿法脱硫模拟实验装置,研究脱硫剂(CaO)、有机硫化物(TMT-15)以及不同实验因素(包括SO32-的浓度、反应温度、初始pH值、曝气条件中的O2浓度、初始Hg2+浓度以及Cl-的浓度)对溶液中Hg2+还原过程的影响。研究表明:CaO会抑制Hg2+向Hg0的还原转化,当CaO的加入量从0.3%增至0.7%时,Hg0的释放率会由51.6%降至19.9%;TMT-15对于Hg2+的还原具有明显的影响,TMT-15加入量从0增至0.06 mg/L时,Hg0的释放率可降低10倍左右;溶液中SO32-的浓度是Hg2+还原反应的主要影响因素之一,SO32-浓度的增加会明显促进Hg2+的还原;此外,温度和初始Hg2+的增加对Hg2+的还原亦具有促进作用,而初始pH值、O2百分含量以及Cl-浓度则对Hg2+的还原具有抑制作用。     

北京市典型区域夏季降水及其对大气污染物的影响

通过采集北京市典型区域2015年夏季大气降水样品,分析研究了大气降水的理化特性,典型降水过程化学组分的变化特征、成因以及对大气污染物的影响.结果表明,北京市典型区域夏季降水pH值范围为5.15~7.34,雨量加权平均值为6.21,酸雨率极低.降水中污染元素Cd、Ca和Mn呈现中度富集,Cu、Zn、Pb和S呈现严重富集;Ca和S是降水中主要污染元素,分别占总污染元素浓度的45.43%和43.93%,Zn、Mn、Cu、Pb和Cd是降水中主要重金属污染元素,占总污染元素浓度的1.32%.降水速率不同的降水对大气污染物的影响作用也有所不同.降水速率较大的降水对PM_(2.5)的清除作用较小,对SO_2、NO_2和O_3的清除作用较大,且影响机制表现为4个重要过程:大气污染物的清除、累积、累积和清除、清除.降水速率较小的降水主要以云内雨除为主,对PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2和O_3的云下清除作用较小,且影响机制表现为:污染物的清除、清除和累积、累积、以及清除为特征的4个重要过程.降水速率较大的降水对大气污染物的清除作用大于降水速率较小的降水.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域不同水体氢氧同位素特征

研究黄土丘陵沟壑区不同水体间同位素特征及水体转化关系,可以更好了解黄土丘陵沟壑区水循环特征,为评价区域环境、气候、生态建设和水资源形成机制提供依据.通过野外采集2017年整年生态建设治理条件良好的韭园沟研究区降水、河水及浅层地下水中δD和δ18O日及月平均数据及相关气象资料,运用稳定同位素技术,分析了不同水体中稳定氢氧同位素的组成关系、影响因子及时空变化,结合二端元混合模型揭示了研究区不同水体中稳定同位素间转化特征.结果显示:河水氘盈余参数在观测期间内呈现出随海拔升高而增大的趋势,河水δ18O值随着距河源距离的增大而富集,随着高度的递增而降低;气温、风速、相对湿度和降水量对大气降水氢氧同位素值均影响显著;河水在非汛期表现为降水和浅层地下水补给河水,比例分别为46%和54%,在汛期为河水和降水补给浅层地下水,比例分别为60%和40%.表明研究区"降水-河水-浅层地下水"间具有良好转化关系,生态建设措施的实施对小流域不同水体转化产生了一定影响.通过以上结果可为流域水资源开发保护及流域生态水文过程研究提供帮助,为建立黄土丘陵沟壑区流域水循环模型提供依据.     

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from a new raw lignocellulosic material: Flamboyant (Delonix regia) pods

Activated carbons were prepared from flamboyant pods by NaOH activation at three different NaOH:char ratios: 1:1 (AC-1), 2:1 (AC-2), and 3:1 (AC-3). The properties of these carbons, including BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter, were characterized from N₂ adsorption isotherms. The activated carbons obtained were essentially microporous and had BET surface area ranging from 303 to 2463 m² g⁻¹.¹³C (CP/MAS and MAS) solid-state NMR shows that the lignocellulosic structures were completely transformed into a polycyclic material after activation process, thermogravimetry shows a high thermal resistance, Boehm titration and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy allowed characterizing the presence of functional groups on the surface of activated carbons. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a high pore development. The experimental results indicated the potential use of flamboyant pods as a precursor material in the preparation of activated carbon.     

A review on tertiary recycling of high-density polyethylene to fuel

Plastics have become an indispensable ingredient of human life. They are non-biodegradable polymers of mostly containing carbon, hydrogen, and few other elements such as chlorine, nitrogen etc. Rapid growth of the world population led to increased demand of commodity plastics. High density poly ethylene is one of the largest used commodity plastics due to its vast applications in many fields. Due to its non bio degradability and low life, HDPE contributes significantly to the problem of Municipal Waste Management. To avert environment pollution of HDPE wastes, they must be recycled and recovered. On the other hand, steady depletion of fossil fuel and increased energy demand, motivated the researchers and technologists to search and develop different energy sources. Waste to energy has been a significant way to utilize the waste sustainably, simultaneously add to meet the energy demand. Plastics being petrochemical origin have inherently high calorific value. Thus they can be converted back to useful energy. Many researches have been carried out to convert the waste plastics into liquid fuel by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis and this has led to establishment of a number of successful firms converting waste plastics to liquid fuels. This paper reviews the production and consumption HDPE, different methods of recycling of plastic with special reference to chemical degradation of HDPE to fuel. This also focuses on different factors that affect these degradations, the kinetics and mechanism of this reaction.     

Environmental impact of meat meal fertilizer vs. chemical fertilizer

Animal by-products (ABP) are rich in nutrients and energy. This LCA study assessed and compared the environmental impact of using meat meal as fertilizer with that of using chemical fertilizer. In one system the nutrient content of ABP Category 2 was recovered and used as a meat meal fertilizer on arable land, replacing chemical fertilizers. In the other system a chemical fertilizer was used and the energy content of the ABP material recovered. The functional unit consisted of one kg of harvested spring wheat and treatment of 0.59 kg of ABP Category 2. The system for nutrient recovery and chemical fertilizer replacement had lower emissions of greenhouse gases and acidification than the energy recovery system, but had higher total use of energy and eutrophying emissions. Overall, the results of the study greatly depended on the fuels replaced.