成都市工业源重点VOC排放行业排放清单及空间分布特征

以2013年为基准,采用排放系数法对成都市区域范围内工业源的VOC排放进行了核算,利用GIS工具构建成都市1 km×1 km网格化排放清单,分析了VOCs的空间分布特征.研究结果表明:2013年成都市工业源VOC排放总量为(5.77±3.35)×10~4t,其中溶剂使用源排放(3.09±4.93)×10~4t,工艺过程源排放(2.35±3.82)×10~4t,化石燃料燃烧源排放(0.21±0.61)×10~4t,生物质燃烧源排放(0.12±0.48)×10~4t.从工业源VOC排放的空间分布特征上看,都江堰、郫县、温江和崇州是最主要的贡献区县,涉及的排污企业类型主要包括钢铁、化工和水泥行业.     

分形理论在松嫩平原西部生态环境胁迫研究中的应用

以松嫩平原西部为例,在构建生态环境胁迫评价指标体系的基础上,运用分形理论对生态环境胁迫进行量化研究.结果表明,1989-2004年15 a间,除松原市和扶余县以外,其他县市生态环境胁迫系数都呈增大趋势,特别是大安市、长岭县、乾安县等地胁迫系数较大.采用相对指标法,运用GIS-EIS集成技术,对松嫩平原西部生态环境胁迫度进行分级.最后,分析了影响生态环境胁迫变化的驱动因子,并提出减缓生态环境胁迫的措施.     

三江平原典型环型湿地生物多样性

以三江平原典型环型湿地为研究对象,在前人研究的基础上,结合野外调查,研究环型湿地生境多样性和物种多样性的现状及其形成原因,并探讨2者之间的关系。研究表明,三江平原环型湿地生境较为复杂,生境多样性高,生境多样性主要是由水文和地貌在不同层次的时空尺度上相互作用而形成和维持的;由环型湿地中心向边缘,湿地植物的丰富度指数和多样性指数呈先增加后减少的趋势,在塔头苔草(Carexcasiocaepa)群落处达到最大值,而漂筏苔草(Carexpseudocuraica)群落和沼柳-越菊柳(Salixbrachypoda Salixmyrtilloides)群落较低。湿地动物物种多样性丰富,大型土壤动物多样性与均匀性以芦苇-苔草群落为最高而其优势度最低,中小型土壤动物的均匀度和多样性以小叶章(Calamagrosticsangustifolia)沼泽化草甸最高而其优势度最低;三江平原环型湿地物种多样性和生境多样性关系密切。     

三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对氮磷的净化效率

选取面积为1600m^2的小叶章（Deyeuxia angustifolia）湿地进行小区域模拟试验。试验设割草区、1倍浓度区、静态对照区和2倍浓度区4个处理，研究N、P输入浓度，割草和输出径流对三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统净化N、P污染物的影响。结果表明，在小叶章生长期和成熟期，湿地生态系统对N、P保持较稳定的净化，N、P平均去除率分别为85．62％和85．94％。湿地水体中TN和NH4^＋-N的累积浓度显著相关。输入浓度、割草和输出径流都影响着湿地生态系统对N、P的净化和N、P在系统内的分配。输入浓度增大时，N、P去除率明显降低；割草会降低N去除率，但对P去除率影响不大；少量输出径流对N、P去除影响不大。三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对输入的N、P具有显著净化作用，总净化率可达97．97％和99．05％。     

近50年来三江平原北部土地利用/土地覆被变化及生态效应分析

土地利用/覆被变化在全球变化中占有重要地位,对于综合模拟和评价环境问题非常重要。区域案例研究方法是土地利用/土地覆被的研究核心,以中尺度的三江平原北部作为研究区域,重建并分析了自1954年以来该地区4个时段的土地利用/土地覆被格局及其时空演化过程,在此基础上重点分析了20世纪50年代以来耕地的开发过程。结果表明1954年到2000年期间,以湿地、草地和林地转换成耕地为该区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要形式,耕地面积由占总面积的5.29%上升到51.81%,同时湿地占总面积的52.49%下降到15.71%,并指出人类的农垦活动是湿地减少和生态环境恶化的根本原因。     

Differing Effects of Cattle Grazing on Native and Alien Plants

Abstract:   Habitat managers use cattle grazing to reduce alien plant cover and promote native species in California grasslands and elsewhere in the western United States. We tested the effectiveness of grazing as a restoration method by examining the effects of herbivory on native and alien plants. At Carrizo Plain National Monument, California, we surveyed native and alien species cover in adjacent grazed and ungrazed areas. We also established experimental plots in which plants were clipped or mulch (dead biomass) was removed. In addition, we clipped plants grown in pots and plants in the field that grew with and without competitors. Native species were negatively affected by clipping in 1999, 2000, and 2001, whereas alien species were unaffected. In the experimental field plots, the European annual forb Erodium cicutarium compensated in growth and reproduction following simulated herbivory. In contrast, growth and reproduction of the native perennial bunchgrass Poa secunda were reduced 1 year after clipping. In pots, E. cicutarium overcompensated and grasses undercompensated. In the field, European grasses were unaffected by the removal of competitors. It is unclear by what mechanism E. cicutarium was able to compensate, but the ability may be related to its basal rosette growth form and indeterminately growing inflorescences. The native California grassland community assembled in the absence of grazing herds, whereas invasive European species have been exposed to grazing for centuries. It may be that these invaders have adaptations that better enable them to recover from grazing. In the grassland we studied, the strategy of livestock grazing for restoration is counterproductive. It harms native species and promotes alien plant growth.     

Impact of dicyandiamide on emissions of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and ammonia from agricultural field in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide(N_2O), nitric oxide(NO) and ammonia(NH_3) emissions from an agricultural field in the North China Plain were compared for three treatments during a whole maize growing period from 26 June to 11 October, 2012. Compared with the control treatment(without fertilization, designated as CK), remarkable pulse emissions of N_2O, NO and NH_3 were observed from the normal fertilization treatment(designated as NP) just after fertilization, whereas only N_2O and NH_3 pulse emissions were evident from the nitrification inhibitor treatment(designated as ND). The reduction proportions of N_2O and NO emissions from the ND treatment compared to those from the NP treatment during the whole maize growing period were 31% and 100%, respectively. A measurable increase of NH_3 emission from the ND treatment was found with a cumulative NH_3 emission of 3.8 ± 1.2 kg N/ha,which was 1.4 times greater than that from the NP treatment(2.7 ± 0.7 kg N/ha).     

基于模糊数学的德阳市平原地下水环境质量评价

通过调查德阳市浅层地下水环境,采取79组地下水水样并进行水质分析,选取其中10个评价指标,采用模糊数学评价方法,以MATLAB为计算平台,对德阳市平原地下水进行综合评价,得出区内Ⅰ类水样占总数的22.8%;Ⅱ类占38.0%;Ⅲ类占22.8%;Ⅳ类占2.5%;Ⅴ类占13.9%,地下水水质以中等偏好为主,结合综合指数法对比分析表明模糊数学评价法更加综合合理。区内地下水污染趋势由西向东逐渐加强,污染较严重主要集中于西南部和城市周边区域。导致区内地下水污染的主要因素是Fe、Mn、总硬度、三氮等指标。     

成都市黑碳气溶胶污染特征及与气象因子的关系

为系统了解成都市黑碳气溶胶(BC)的污染特征,利用四川省环境监测站提供的成都市人民南路四段2013年9月至2014年7月逐时BC监测数据,对其浓度进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)BC小时平均浓度变化范围较大,介于0.01~57.83μg/m3,浓度中值(5.17μg/m3)小于平均值(7.32μg/m3),即BC小时浓度具有偏态分布特征。2)BC日均浓度变化范围为2~28.2μg/m3,其浓度日变化在四季均呈明显的单谷型,谷值出现在16:00时附近,表现为从凌晨到10:00时变化较平稳,10:00—16:00时浓度急剧下降,16:00到夜间浓度急剧上升;浓度季变化呈现出冬高夏低,春秋平稳的基本特征。3)秋、冬、春、夏四季BC本底浓度值分别为2.49,5.05,2.89,2.43μg/m3。4)BC质量浓度与PM2.5和PM10变化趋势一致,BC浓度相对颗粒物浓度变化较快,在0.01水平上与PM2.5和PM10均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.657、0.638,与温度、降水和风速均呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.334,-0.338,-0.202。     

华北平原夏收期间气溶胶卫星遥感探测分析

为研究2014年华北平原在夏收期间气溶胶污染的时空分布特征及形成原因,对2014年6月MODIS卫星的华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、细粒子比(FMF)、火点分布及后向轨迹进行了分析.结果表明,2014年6月华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度值在1.2~2.0之间,远高于年平均值1.0~1.2,而6月的火点分布主要集中在6—14日,此阶段的气溶胶光学厚度值高于6月6日前及14日以后的气溶胶光学厚度值.在两个特定研究区——华北南部及长三角地区,通过对6月的3个阶段的细粒子比进行分析,发现火点集中阶段细粒子排放增多,确定此次污染极有可能是由秸秆燃烧造成.在火点集中时期,两个研究区的后向轨迹说明,污染主要来自火点分布密集区域,进一步确定了秸秆燃烧是华北平原在夏收期间的主要污染源之一.