成都市河道表层沉积物(淤泥)铅污染特征

文章分析了成都市河道(沙河、府河、南河)表层沉积物淤泥铅含量特及铅同位素丰度比的测定数据,结果表明铅含量变化范围是21.1~279 mg/kg,平均值为65.3 mg/kg,中值55.2 mg/kg,统计标准差65.03,变异系数为0.996,说明河道表层沉积物含量变化大。端元物质的铅同位素组成特征是燃煤的放射成因铅高于燃油,可以示踪和鉴别成都市环境铅的污染来源。三河淤泥铅同位素组成均大多落在崔家店热电厂降尘和华能热电厂燃煤飞灰的范围,沙河、府河有少数几个样品点落在燃煤铅(崔家店热电厂燃煤降尘)和柴油铅之间,其铅的来源可能是两者的混合。     

宋元时期江汉-洞庭平原聚落的变迁及其环境因素

宋元是江汉—洞庭平原聚落发展的重要时期,聚落点增多,规模扩大,空间分布出现了较明显的分化、聚合与转移。影响聚落变迁的环境因素很多,着重分析了地貌、水文和自然资源因素：四面高、中间低的地势,使规模较大的聚落集中在平原的周缘地带,中部低地聚落分布较稀、规模较小、变动较强;水系发达、河湖交错,使大多数聚落分布在江河沿岸,往往也是水运交通线旁;丰富的水产资源和矿产资源,使专业性聚落应运而生。聚落的发展变迁反映出宋元时期江汉—洞庭平原的人地关系基本和谐,同时,人类活动对环境造成不利扰动的问题也开始出现。     

成都平原土壤铅污染及其评价

采用随机布点方法在成都平原采集了0~20cm耕层土样及20~40cm的底层土样共98个。分析了成都平原土壤铅含量状况,同时用地质累积指数法进行了污染程度评价,并对污染土壤的分布规律以及铅在土壤中的迁移进行了探讨。结果表明：成都平原大多数农田土壤已经受到不同程度的铅污染。在86个耕层土样中,只有20个样点没有受到铅污染。受铅污染的样点中,污染级别为1~4级,以1、2级为主,属无污染到中污染的过渡状态和中度污染。其中1级污染有33个样点（占总样点数的38.4 %）,2级污染有30个样点（占总样点数的34.9 %）。个别样点已接近或达到了强度污染的水平。污染土壤的分布与污染源的位置关系密切,与土壤的理化性质也有一定的关系;铅主要累积在0~20cm的耕层土壤,同时也发生了一定的迁移,其数量与土壤理化性质有关。     

Seasonal variations of transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 in Chengdu,China (2012–2013)

PM_2.5 in Chengdu showed clear seasonal and diurnal variation. 5, 5, 5 and 3 mean clusters are generated in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Short-distance air masses are important pathways in Chengdu. Emissions within the Sichuan Basin contribute significantly to PM_2.5 pollution. Long-range transport from Southern Xinjiang is a dust invasion path to Chengdu. Seasonal pattern of transport pathways and potential sources of PM_2.5 in Chengdu during 2012–2013 were investigated based on hourly PM_2.5 data, backward trajectories, clustering analysis, potential source contribution function (PSCF), and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) method. The annual hourly mean PM_2.5 concentration in Chengdu was 97.4 mg·m^–3. 5, 5, 5 and 3 mean clusters were generated in four seasons, respectively. Short-distance air masses, which travelled within the Sichuan Basin with no specific source direction and relatively high PM_2.5 loadings (>80 mg·m^–3) appeared as important pathways in all seasons. These short pathways indicated that emissions from both local and surrounding regions of Chengdu contributed significantly to PM_2.5 pollution. The cities in southern Chengdu were major potential sources with PSCF>0.6 and CWT>90 mg·m^–3. The northeastern pathway prevailed throughout the year with higher frequency in autumn and winter and lower frequency in spring and summer. In spring, long-range transport from southern Xinjiang was a representative dust invasion path to Chengdu, and the CWT values along the path were 30-60 mg·m^–3. Long-range transport was also observed in autumn from southeastern Xinjiang along a northwesterly pathway, and in winter from the Tibetan Plateau along a westerly pathway. In summer, the potential source regions of Chengdu were smaller than those in other seasons, and no long-range transport pathway was observed. Results of PSCF and CWT indicated that regions in Qinghai and Tibet contributed to PM_2.5 pollution in Chengdu as well, and their CWT values increased to above 30 mg·m^-3 in winter.     

CO_2倍增对黄淮海气候生产力影响的数值模拟

将ＣＯ２倍增后ＧＣＭｓ的输出结果输入到ＡＲＩＤ　ＣＲＯＰ模型,模拟了ＣＯ２倍增后黄淮海地区冬小麦及夏玉米的气候生产力变化情况．结果表明：ＣＯ２浓度倍增后,黄淮海地区冬小麦气候生产力南部升高,北部降低,总体平均下降８．７％左右;夏玉米气候生产力与目前状况相比则普遍表现为降低,平 均比目前下降３０％～４５％。研究结果还表明：ＣＯ２倍增后,降水减少是引起冬小麦气候生产力降低的 主要原因;而黄淮海地区温度升高,引起夏玉米生育期缩短,进而导致干物质减少,则是夏玉米气候生产力降低的主要原因。针对模拟结果,文章提出了相应的对策及措施．     

成都市干性降落物与道路粉尘的化学组成对比研究

为了弄清大气中微粒子的化学组成的特征，我们自2001年12月在成都市采集了干性降落物和道路粉尘，并对其水溶性阴离子成分进行了比较。通过分析认为干性降落物对道路粉尘的化学组分有影响。同时道路混凝土的污染物亦可进入道路粉尘。     

成都市水污染防治对策

成都市城区“三河”水体的污染严重,污染物浓度高于进口断面数倍,岷江,沱江的石油类,有毒类,有机类等属于严重污染。造成水质污染的主要原因是：随着城市人口膨胀,产业的发展,生活用水,工业用水的需求增加,废水的排放量大,处理率和达标率却低。化肥和固体废物的污染也日益严重。     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

成都市一次重雾霾天气PM10中水溶性离子污染特征

2015年1月10~19日,对成都市青羊区雾霾期间大气PM10样品进行了采集,分析其质量浓度和9种水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+和Na+)的分布特征。结果表明:此次雾霾期间PM10的平均质量浓度高达357.8μg/m3;水溶性离子的总质量浓度在雾霾天较高,二次无机水溶性离子NO-3、SO2-4和NH+4占总水溶性离子的74.53%以上;雾霾和非雾霾天PM10中水溶性离子的质量浓度、含量百分比和各离子比值体现了本次雾霾是由机动车尾气、燃煤、建筑施工和气象等因素造成;PM10中NO-3/SO2-4的比值范围0.755 1~1.410,均值为1.050,说明成都是燃煤和机动车并存的复合型污染;PM10中NH+4和NO-3、SO2-4两两之间均具有较好的相关性,NH+4和NO-3、SO2-4的相关性系数分别为0.845 0、0.966 0,NH+4和NO-3、SO2-4主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3形式存在于PM10中,Ca2+和Mg2+的相关性系数高达0.913 0。     

江汉平原石家河谭家岭遗址新石器时代环境考古

通过对位于江汉平原北部石家河古城内谭家岭遗址地层孢粉、碳氮地球化学和磁化率代用指标的综合分析表明,石家河文化早期(4.6—4.4 ka BP),孢粉浓度较高且种类多,特别是喜暖湿的孢粉科属含量较大,植被覆盖较好,说明遗址及周边地区受人类活动干扰较少;TOC、TN和C/N偏高,δ~(13)C_(org)偏低,表明当时以C_3植物为主,气候较为温暖湿润;该时期遗址区域可能积水较多,磁化率值总体较低,发生过水域面积增大但持续时间不长的变化,石家河古城在防御洪水及外敌入侵方面发挥了较大作用。石家河文化中晚期(4.4—4.0 ka BP),孢粉种类和浓度减小,TOC、TN和C/N也持续减小,δ~(13)C_(org)则偏高,气候凉干,降水减少,遗址区域积水减少并逐渐演变成古人的居住用地,受人类活动影响磁化率值明显增高;由于河湖、地下水位下降,石家河古城防御洪水与外侵的功能消失并逐渐废弃。4.2 ka BP前后气候持续凉干,极端灾害事件频繁发生,影响了当地农业和渔猎业的发展,使得石家河文化发展停滞,这是导致本区石家河文化衰落的重要环境因素。