Evaluation of the ecological status with benthic indices in the coastal system： the case of Bohai Bay （China）

Based on biologic and environmental materials collected from coastal areas of Bohai Bay （China） in April, 2008, three biotic indices （AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index （AMBI）, Shannon-Wiener Index and W-statistic） were applied together to evaluate the ecological status of the sampling area. The results showed a clear spatial gradient from a worse ecological status in the near-shore areas （especially around Haihe and Jiyun River Estuaries） to a better status in the offshore areas. While all the three indices could assist decision makers in visualizing spatial changes of organic pollutants in Bohai Bay, two indices, i. e., AMBI and Shannon-Wiener index, were effective in distinguishing sites from Haihe River Estuary, Jiyun River Estuary and other area. However, W-statistic can＇t tell the differences between estuaries and other area. It would be explained that organic pollutants and/or other environ- mental stresses in Bohai Bay were not strong enough to reduce the size ofmacrozoobenthos, which may cause both of the abundance and biomass curves crossed. To our knowledge, this is the first time that several benthic indices were used to assess the benthic ecological status in Bohai Bay, which gave the similar results. Furthermore, there is indication that the ecological status is related to excess input of wastewater along main rivers and outlets. In a word, AMBI, Shannon-Wiener Index and W-statistic could be able to assess the benthic ecological status of Bohai Bay under the organic pollutants pressure.     

Assessing the potential of crop residue recycling in China and technology options based on a bottom-up model

Crop residues are an important biomass, and are significant in the sustainable development of China. This paper uses the Grey-Markov modeling approach, the cost-benefit analysis method, and the constraint optimiza- tion method to establish the potential of crop residue recycling in China （CRRC） using a bottom-up analysis. Taking 2010 as the baseline year, the CRRC model is used to determine the quantity trends of crop residue resources, simulating the recycling potential and selecting key crop residue recycling technologies for operation between 2010 and 2030. The results illustrate that the total residue output from different crops will gradually increase to 1062 million tons in 2030. The proportion of crop residue for field burning is expected to decrease as a result of guidance and support from the government. Market mechanisms are also improving the development of the crop residue recycling industry. The economic benefit of crop residue recycling is expected to be worth 132 billion CNY in 2030 according to technology structure options. Key crop residue recycling technologies preferred such as liquefaction, amination, silo, co-firing straw power and composting will account for more than 85% of the total benefits.     

Moving towards sustainable development: rhetoric,policy and reality of ecological agriculture in China

Past decades have witnessed the rise of sustainable agriculture movements throughout the world. In parallel with this international trend, ecological agriculture (with essential goals of food security, rural employment, poverty alleviation, natural resource management and environmental protection) has been advocated as a workable approach for the realization of sustainable agriculture in China. Two decades of ecological agricultural development have shown that it not only gained legitimacy at the senior policy level but also became a focus of scientific research in fields such as ecological economics, ecology, and agricultural and environmental sciences. However, this endeavour is hardly known in the West and little attention has been paid so far to examining the broader politico-economic and sociocultural contexts within which it has evolved. This paper attempts to provide a general review of the emerging background, development history, policy initiatives and recent tendencies of ecological agriculture. In addition, the extant problems and potential contributions of this alternative practice to China's sustainable agricultural development are discussed. The purpose of this study is to identify the gap between the policy rhetoric and practical implementation of Chinese ecological agriculture and therefore to facilitate its moving towards sustainable development.     

东北典型湖库水体对铜绿微囊藻荧光特性的影响

为考察东北典型湖库水体对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa)生长过程中IDOM(细胞内溶解性有机物)荧光特性的影响,在镜泊湖、兴凯湖、五大连池、松花湖和大伙房水库5个典型湖库,共10个采样点采集水样,用于铜绿微囊藻的培养,利用EEM(三维荧光光谱)技术,结合三维荧光FRI(区域体积积分)开展IDOM荧光特性的聚类分析. 结果表明:铜绿微囊藻中IDOM的主要荧光特征峰为类蛋白荧光峰(峰S和峰T),峰S荧光强度高于峰T;对IDOM的三维荧光光谱分为5个区(Ⅰ～Ⅴ区)进行区域体积积分,荧光响应值比例(P_Ⅰ+Ⅱ,n和P_Ⅳ,n)总体上呈互补趋势;Ф_T,n(总区域体积积分)表现为镜泊湖>五大连池>兴凯湖>松花湖>大伙房水库,第16天镜泊湖的Ф_T,n最大,平均值为9.76×10-5 AU·nm2/(mg/L);大伙房水库的Ф_T,n最小,平均值为3.72×10-5 AU·nm2/(mg/L). 聚类分析将10个采样点分成3类. HJ1、HJ2采样点为类别1;HX1、LD1、JS1、LD2采样点为类别2;HX2、JS2、HW2、HW1采样点为类别3,其中,类别1(镜泊湖)水体较类别2和类别3水体更适宜铜绿微囊藻的生长.      

黄土高原生态系统过渡带土地覆盖的时空变化分析

在全球气候变化及其生态环境效应研究中,生态系统过渡带作为气候变化和人类活动的敏感区域,其土地覆盖的时空变化分析逐渐成为土地利用科学研究的热点问题。基于GIS的时空分析方法,在对Holdridge生命地带模型的判别标准进行改进的基础上,构建了生态系统过渡带的时空分析模型。在建立土地覆盖正向和逆向转换规则的基础上,构建了土地覆盖正向和逆向转换指数模型。并以黄土高原为案例区,在定量识别生态系统过渡带类型及其空间格局的基础上,定量评价了各种生态系统过渡带类型土地覆盖的转换情况。模拟分析结果表明,黄土高原地区共有14种生态系统过渡带类型,其总面积占整个黄土高原的25.21%。在1985-2005年期间,黄土高原生态系统过渡带内的耕地面积平均每10 a减少0.93%,而湿地和水体、林地、草地的面积则平均每10 a分别增加3.47%、0.24%、0.06%。整个过渡带区域土地覆盖的转换率从28.53%降低到21.91%,且其正向转换和逆向转换面积总体上均呈减少的趋势。另外,黄土高原生态系统过渡带区域和非过渡带区域的土地覆盖转换率对比分析显示,过渡带区域土地覆盖的转换率高于非过渡带区域。     

土地利用变化的水土资源平衡效应研究——以西辽河流域为例

北方农牧交错带作为我国传统农区与牧区的交汇和过渡地带,是我国东、中部地区的重要生态屏障地区。选取北方农牧交错带东缘的西辽河流域为案例区,运用遥感、地理信息系统等方法,构建水分亏缺模型,定量计算了西辽河流域不同土地利用情景下的水分亏缺态势,揭示了北方农牧交错带土地利用变化的水土资源平衡效应,研究表明:①1995-2005年,西辽河流域土地利用整体特征未发生重大改变,土地利用表现为耕地面积有所增加、草地面积相对减少的局面;②西辽河流域水土资源平衡总体呈现中度水分亏缺的特征,亏水量较大的区域相对集中在西辽河冲积平原中部地区;③1995-2005年10 a间的土地利用变化使得西辽河流域严重缺水地区面积增加1/4,水分亏缺态势进一步加剧。     

基于探地雷达快速测定土壤含水量试验研究

试验点选择在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘中国科学院阜康荒漠生态系统研究站,以探地雷达为主要数据采集工具。结合探地雷达两种测量方式特点,提出了探地雷达最佳天线间距判定方法,达到快速测定中尺度土壤水分含量的目的。研究结果表明:固定天线间距测量下,得到最佳天线间距为1.9 m,提取了该天线间距下的地面波,进行了土壤含水量计算,测线上30.5 m点测定的土壤含水量与标后的时域反射仪法结果对比,在该试验点探地雷达地面波法测定上层土壤含水量的有效深度为20 cm,其偏差仅为0.015 m³/m³,精度能够满足实际需求,测线0~36.5 m间沙地上层土壤含水量表现出空间异质性,该方法能快速精确测定中尺度土壤含水量,为农业生产和作物灌溉提供科学依据。     

乌伦古湖水量与水质变化特征及其环境效应

于2008年对乌伦古湖开展了湖泊水质水量及水生物资源的综合调查,获取了湖泊水量与水质的基本数据。在此基础上,根据湖区气候变化以及人类活动的特征,将乌伦古湖的变化归纳为4个时期:1956年以前为第一个时期,湖泊基本处于自然演化状态,湖泊的水位波动主要受气候变化影响,乌伦古河为主要补给河流;第二个时期为1956年至1970年,人类活动强度快速增加期,流域开发耗水,入湖水量减少,湖泊水位持续下降;1970年到1995年为第三个时期,在此期间,人类活动除了流域开发耗水有所增加外,乌伦古湖的水位波动主要与人类在湖区开渠建坝等活动有关;第四个时期为1995年以来,湖泊变化相对稳定,水利工程运行平稳且气候较为适宜,湖泊变化转入稳定期。然而,近年来,由于气候和人类活动的影响,湖泊处于较强烈的不稳定阶段。     

国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业分类演化及启示

国际标准产业分类体系是目前国际上最有影响和权威的产业分类体系。深入了解国际标准产业分类体系中农、林、牧、渔业分类演化,对正确收集、处理和测算我国农、林、牧、渔业的指标以及国际间数据比较至关重要。论文首先详细地剖析国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业的分类演化,然后依据国际标准产业分类体系的最新变化,结合我国农、林、牧、渔业现状,为我国国民经济行业分类中农、林、牧、渔业的修改和调整提供建议。     

2012年我国主要气象灾害回顾

2012年,我国主要气象灾害为暴雨洪涝、热带气旋、干旱、高温、连阴雨、雪灾、风雹及沙尘暴.其中暴雨过程多,长江、黄河、海河等流域先后出现明显汛情,北京、甘肃、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、宁夏、青海和新疆等地出现山洪地质灾害,但暴雨洪涝灾情偏轻;热带气旋数量接近常年,但影响时间集中、范围广,灾情偏重;阶段性干旱明显,但干旱范围小,影响偏轻;中东部地区高温日数多,极端性强,南方部分地区早稻遭受轻至中度高温热害;区域性、阶段性低温阴雨天气多发,对农业生产造成一定影响;降雪量明显偏少,雪灾偏轻;风雹日数少,灾害损失偏轻;春季北方沙尘日数为近52年最少;中东部地区雾霾天气频繁,对交通运输产生较大影响.总体而言,2012年为我国气象灾害偏轻年份.