Characterization of fine organic particulate matter from Chinese cooking

PM2.5 samples were collected by a three-stage cascade impactor at two kinds of Chinese restaurants to characterize fine organic particulate matter from Chinese cooking sources. Major individual organic compounds have been quantified by GC/MS, including series of alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanals, alkan-2-0nes and PAHs.Alkanes and ketones make up a significant fraction of particle-phase organic compounds, ranging from C11 to C26,and (C9 to C19, respectively. In addition, other organic compound classes have been identified, such as alkanols,esters, furans, lactones, amides, and nitriles. The mass concentrations of fine particles, alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and PAHs in air emitted from the Uigur style cooking are hundreds times higher than ambient PM2.5in Beijing.     

中国农田土壤重金属污染分析与评价

为掌握中国农田土壤八大重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的污染现状,探究其时空变化和在不同耕地类型之间的差异,通过中国知网和Web of Science收集并整理了2005~2021年449篇相关文献数据,采用基于“样点数”、“研究区面积”和“标准差”的加权方式进行Meta分析.结果显示,中国农田土壤八大重金属的含量平均值为：ω（As）11.00 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cd）0.350 2 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cr）62.91 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cu）28.87 mg·kg^-1、ω（Hg）0.135 1 mg·kg^-1、ω（Ni）28.91 mg·kg^-1、ω（Pb）34.67 mg·kg^-1和ω（Zn）90.24 mg·kg^-1.与土壤背景值相比,中国农田土壤中各重金属元素（除As外）均存在一定累积,其中Cd和Hg的累积量最大,分别超过对应土壤背景值177.9%和340.3%.污染评价结果表明,我国农田土壤重金属污染以Cd和Hg为主,人类活动是造成其在土壤中累积的主要影响因子;从时空变化上看,云贵高原和东部沿海是污染案例最集中的区域,污染重心随时间变化由长江中游向西南地区偏移;不同耕地类型之间土壤重金属含量存在差异,蔬菜地和水田中重金属的累积量明显大于其他耕地类型.     

Voluntary emission reduction market in China: development,management status and future supply

The voluntary emission reduction (VER) trading mechanism has played an important role in China’s seven pilot carbon markets. From a comprehensive review of the VER trading and offsetting mechanisms since 2013, this study analyses the quality management of the Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) in the pilot carbon markets, conducts a comparative analysis of the geographical and field distributions of proposed and registered projects and emission reductions and provides the CCER supply outlook for 2020 in the aspects of on record, project registration, emission reduction registration and emission reduction issuance. Results show that the potential number of CCER projects by 2020 will be 2,864, 1,047, 818, and 286 with the corresponding emission reductions amounting to 493, 212, 133, and 49 million tCO₂e, respectively. Although considerable progress has been made, China remains confronted with many challenges in developing the VER trading system. Accordingly, policy stability and continuity and guarding against market risks should be maintained to enable the system to play a substantial role in promoting ecological progress and green low-carbon development in China.     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中持久性及残留的研究

本文报道灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中的残留试验结果.经在南北两地连续两年的田间试验表明,灭幼脲Ⅲ号属非持久性农药,在作物和土壤中都较快地消失,在大白菜上的半衰期为3.8—14.0d,在土壤中为8.8—27.0d.用25％灭幼脲Ⅲ号胶悬剂稀释2500倍,每亩每次按常规用药10g或加倍药量20g(有效成分)施药,喷施2或3次,距最后一次施药三周时,灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜的最大残留量为2.67ppm,在土壤中为13.81ppm.建议该农药在大白菜上的最高允许残留量(MRL)为3ppm,安全间隔期为21d.     

加快建立中国社会主义市场经济下的工业环境管理新模式

本文论证社会主义市场经济下环境管理模式与推行清洁生产工艺(无废、少废及高效转换工艺)的关系,剖析市场经济国家环境管理模式的精髓,密切结合推行工业生产全过程控制(包括环境标志这种反向控制手段),提出加快建立中国社会主义市场经济下的工业环境管理新模式。      

长江中上游四大家鱼资源监测与渔业管理

根据1994～2001年的监测结果, 结合历史资料对长江中上游四大家鱼资源现状进行了分析。结果表明：(1)长江中上游四大家鱼在渔获物中的比列呈下降趋势 ;(2)四大家鱼群体结构中低龄鱼比重上升,高龄鱼比重下降;(3)1997～2001年监利江段四大家鱼鱼苗径流量分别为35.87亿尾、27.47亿尾、21.54亿尾、28.54亿尾和19.04亿尾,与1981年该江段67亿尾相比,分别下降46.5%、59.0%、67.9%、57.4%、71.6%。针对影响长江四大家鱼资源的主要因素,提出了保护长江四大家鱼繁殖和栖息地,保持天然水域的相对稳定,降低长江四大家鱼捕捞强度,加强渔政管理等一系列保护长江四大家鱼的措施。     

Generating sustainable towns from Chinese villages: a system modeling approach

The great majority of China's developing towns will be extensions of already existing villages. With the prospect of hundreds of millions of Chinese farmers projected to leave their villages to become industrial workers in new and expanded towns within the next few years, new challenges will be faced. As expansion and modernization progress, this development moves from the traditional village model that operates not far from resource sustainability to increasingly unsustainable patterns of commerce, urban development, and modern life. With such an unprecedented mass migration and transformation, how can Chinese culture survive? What is to become of the existing million plus agricultural villages? How can these massively unsustainable new industrial towns survive? In the European Commission sponsored research program SUCCESS, researchers worked from the scale of the Chinese village to find viable answers to these questions.     

论中药的毒副作用

中药在临床的应用将日益广泛,但其毒副作用应当受到重视,本文就中药的毒副作用及其与毒副作用有关的因素,毒副作用对机体的影响等问题进行了论述.     

植物空间分布的多样性及其度量

分析了23个物种多样性指数公式的取值范围和值域变化,发现它们可以分为3种类型即递增型、递减型和不定型.确定分布区中心或分布式样的中心可用递增型物种多样性指数公式,如Simpson(2),Simpson(3)/Gini,Simpson(5)/PIE,Shannon.Weaver和McIntosh等,据其平均值即可确定分布区中心或分布式样中心.用综合参数d;和Shannon-Weaver指数及其等级多样性与均匀度指数研究了我国裸子植物分布.结果表明,中国裸子植物综合丰度基本上自云贵川西南三省向四周辐射状递减,多样性指数也是自西南或华南向其它地区递减;均匀度指数变化规律不明显,但总的是我国东半部较高,热带与温带性质的交汇过渡地带是云贵川三者.     

2005年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2005年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上，结合有关省（自治区、直辖市）地震局的地震灾害评估资料，总结了2005年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出了1990—2005年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据，并进行了简要的比较。