Modelling phytoremediation by the hyperaccumulating fern, Pteris vittata, of soils historically contaminated with arsenic

Pteris vittata plants were grown on twenty-one UK soils contaminated with arsenic (As) from a wide range of natural and anthropogenic sources. Arsenic concentration was measured in fern fronds, soil and soil pore water collected with Rhizon samplers. Isotopically exchangeable soil arsenate was determined by equilibration with ⁷³As^V. Removal of As from the 21 soils by three sequential crops of P. vittata ranged between 0.1 and 13% of total soil As. Ferns grown on a soil subjected to long-term sewage sludge application showed reduced uptake of As because of high available phosphate concentrations. A combined solubility-uptake model was parameterised to enable prediction of phytoremediation success from estimates of soil As, ‘As-lability’ and soil pH. The model was used to demonstrate the remediation potential of P. vittata under different soil conditions and with contrasting assumptions regarding re-supply of the labile As pool from unavailable forms.     

1H-NMR-based metabolomic study on toxicity of methomyl and methidathion in fish

A ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with multivariate analysis was applied to detect the toxicity of antiacetylcholinesterase insecticides, methomyl (methyl (1E)-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)ethanimidothioate) and methidathion (3-(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl sulfanylmethyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-one), using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Chinese bleak (Aphyocypris chinensis). Generally, methomyl and methidathion have been believed not to highly accumulate in fish tissues. However, these pesticides showed their toxicity by altering patterns of whole-body metabolites in neurotransmitter balance, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and muscle maintenance in low concentrations. We used Pearson correlation analysis to contextualize the metabolic markers in pesticide treated groups. We observed that the positive correlations of choline with acetate and betaine in untreated control were shifted to null correlations showing acetylcholinesterase specific toxicity. This research demonstrated the applicability and potential of NMR metabolomics in detecting toxic effects of insecticide with a modicum of concentrations in aquatic environment.     

中国农田生态系统的服务功能及其经济价值

采用生态经济学的方法,对中国农田生态系统的服务功能进行了价值化评估.结果表明,2003年中国农田生态系统提供的总服务价值为19 121.8×108元(2003年现价),其中,正面服务价值为22 334.1×108元,由于灌溉、化肥及农药的使用,给人类福利造成的损失为3 212.3×108元;单位面积农田提供的服务价值为18 960.6元/hm2,其中,农产品生产的价值为14 788.7元/hm2,其它服务价值为4 171.9元/hm2,灌溉等给人类福利造成的损失为3 185.2元/hm2;各地区农田的生态服务功能差别较大,其价值量波动在86.8～5 050.8×108元之间,黄淮海和长江中下游地区所占比重较大,二者合计占总量的52.2%;各地区单位面积农田提供的服务价值为5 159～34 984.3元/hm2,华南和长江中下游地区相对较大,内蒙古和东北地区相对较低.     

中华鲟幼鱼生理生态行为研究进展

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)是珍稀鲟类,属极危物种。大坝建设造成水流状态、水温、水质、底质等因素的变化以及环境污染对中华鲟生境造成破坏,受到环境胁迫导致生理生态行为的变化对其生存、生长具有重要的影响。中华鲟幼鱼保护是中华鲟种质资源保护的重要环节,本文结合文献综述了中华鲟幼鱼的洄游、摄食、游泳行为以及环境污染对中华鲟幼鱼的生理生态行为影响的研究进展,以期为后续中华鲟行为的研究和其保护提供参考。     

基于RS/GIS的天山北坡经济带生态环境质量综合评价研究

本文采用综合指数评价法，以RS／GIS技术解译的土地利用／土地覆盖数据为信息源，对天山北坡经济带生态环境质量进行评价、排序及分级。结果得出：乌鲁木齐市、乌苏市、呼图壁县生态环境质量良好，沙湾县、石河子市、奎屯市、玛纳斯县生态环境质量一般，米泉市、阜康市、克拉玛依市、昌吉市生态环境质量较差；良好、一般及差的县市区域面积分别占研究区面积的39．8％、27．89％和32．29％。这种生态环境质量分异特征主要是由自然环境条件、人类经济活动、土地利用方式决定的。     

中草药砷含量特征及其健康风险初步评价

通过野外采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对13种河北省主要地产中草药中砷的含量特征及其分布规律进行了研究,并对中草药中砷的人体健康风险进行了初步评价.13种地产草药分三类采集:中草药种植区的药材、以及相应市场销售的半成品和饮片.结果表明,以地下部入药的各种类中草药砷含量平均值在0.14～0.54 mg/kg之间,以地上部入药的中草药,祁菊花砷含量平均值为1.42 mg/kg,其它种类在0.09～0.27 mg/kg之间.根据《药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准》对总砷的限量(2.0 mg/kg),以地下部和地上部入药草药的超标率分别为3.27%(n=153)和9.09%(n=44),全部样品的总超标率为4.57%(n=197);直接采集的所有中草药样品砷含量范围在0.03～0.73 mg/kg,全部符合限量标准,而市场购买的半成品及饮片砷含量范围在0.05～7.05 mg/kg,其超标率为6.36%,来源于市场的草药砷含量显著高于种植区直接采集的中草药(p0.05);从13种草药隶属的科属分析,菊科草药砷含量范围较宽,在0.08～7.05 mg/kg,平均值为0.87 mg/kg,而其它6种科属砷含量的平均值范围在0.21～0.41 mg/kg,且各科75%的样品砷含量0.5 mg/kg,相比菊科样品,其药用安全性较高;通过服用半成品及饮片得到砷的日摄入量为0.90～19.7μg/d,其占每日允许摄入量ADI(allowable daily intake)的比值范围在0.70%～15.4%之间,其砷的健康风险显著大于服用采自种植区的原药(p0.05),说明草药饮片中砷对人体的健康风险不容忽视.     

Effect of potential HONO sources on peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation in eastern China in winter

As an important secondary photochemical pollutant, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has been studied over decades, yet its simulations usually underestimate the corresponding observations, especially in polluted areas. Recent observations in north China found unusually high concentrations of PAN during wintertime heavy haze events, but the current model still cannot reproduce the observations, and researchers speculated that nitrous acid (HONO) played a key role in PAN formation. For the first time we systematically assessed the impact of potential HONO sources on PAN formation mechanisms in eastern China using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model in February of 2017. The results showed that the potential HONO sources significantly improved the PAN simulations, remarkably accelerated the RO_x (sum of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals) cycles, and resulted in 80%–150% enhancements of PAN near the ground in the coastal areas of eastern China and 10%–50% enhancements in the areas around 35–40°N within 3 km during a heavy haze period. The direct precursors of PAN were aldehyde and methylglyoxal, and the primary precursors of PAN were alkenes with C > 3, xylenes, propene and toluene. The above results suggest that the potential HONO sources should be considered in regional and global chemical transport models when conducting PAN studies.     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

纳米沸石对大白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性及镉形态、含量的影响

通过土培试验研究了纳米沸石(NZ)和普通沸石(OZ)对2个品种白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性,镉形态和含量的影响.结果表明,施用沸石明显提高了大白菜地上部和根部过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,使大白菜地上部、植株总干重分别增加了4.5%~96.5%、3.4%~88.4%.施用纳米沸石和普通沸石有效降低了2个品种大白菜地上部和根部镉含量,且降低幅度随沸石施用量的增加而增加.低镉(1 mg·kg~(-1)Cd)条件下,山东四号和新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量较对照(Cd_1+Z_0)分别降低了1.0%~75.0%、19.5%~68.9%(除Cd_1+OZ_5/OZ_(10)处理).高镉水平(5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd)条件下,山东四号和新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量较对照(Cd_5+Z_0)分别降低了7.2%~53.2%(除Cd_5+OZ_(10)处理)、0.7%~63.0%.与普通沸石相比较,纳米沸石处理大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量降低10.5%~65.7%.在镉污染土壤上(1 mg·kg~(-1)和5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd),施用纳米沸石和普通沸石使山东四号品种大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉提取总量分别降低了12.4%~68.8%和13.2%~55.6%(除Cd_5+OZ_5处理),使新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉提取总量分别降低了9.4%~71.5%和3.1%~38.7%(除Cd_1+OZ_5处理),且随着施用量的增加,降低幅度更大.     

电阻率成像法在董志塬固沟保塬水分场监测中的应用

近年来,电阻率成像法(Electrical Resistivity Tomography,ERT)在土壤水分场监测方面受到广泛关注。为解决ERT测量结果难以直接表达土壤含水量的问题,以董志塬固沟保塬工程相关的五个试验点为研究对象,对每个试验点进行了ERT测量和土壤水分实时点位观测,建立了ERT测量的土壤电阻率与电容式水分传感器测量的土壤体积含水量之间的单变量函数模型。结果表明:幂函数模型能够较好地描述土壤电阻率与体积含水量之间的相关关系。此外,研究发现土壤含水量的实测值与估算值之间表现出极显著的线性相关关系,指示估算的土壤含水量有较高的准确性;同时发现当土壤含水量低于22%时,估算的含水量大于实测含水量;高于22%时,估算的含水量小于实测含水量。利用ERT测量的土壤电阻率,进行幂函数转换后形成二维土壤含水量信息,在董志塬固沟保塬二维土壤水分场监测中具有适用性。