大气臭氧变化对油菜影响的模拟试验

在开顶式气室中,研究了不同O3浓度(8.93×10_-94.465×10_-10,4.46×10_-92.230×10_-10,2.23×10_-91.115×10s_-10,≤4.46×10_-910,1.12×10-9～1.79×10-9mol/L)和不同熏气天数(5,10,15,30d)处理对盆栽油菜的影响.结果表明,O3浓度升高,油菜可出现失水、畸形、叶片色斑等伤害症状.移出熏气环境后原伤害不能恢复,黄叶率显著增加,新生叶无明显伤害症状.高O3浓度短期熏气可促进油菜后期生长,对前期O3影响有补偿效应.试验还表明,增加O3浓度和延长熏气时间一般可增加叶片气孔阻力,降低气孔传导,抑制CO2吸收和水汽交换,提高叶温,降低光合速率,还可抑制根系生长,降低生物产量和经济产量,并使光合产物向各器官的分配模式发生变化.     

中国在经济发展中的环境价值取向

本文分析了中国在经济发展过程中的环境价值取向的演变。针对中国的资源和环境现状,阐述了中国只能走和如何以经济建设为中心,协调环境的可持续发展的道路。重点分析了通过政府直接控制和市场激励,使环境污染的外部不经济性内在化的控制污染的思路。     

中江县无公害中药材基地农业环境质量监测与评价

无公害产品的产地农业生态环境质量是影响无公害产品质量的重要因子之一。对中江县中药材产业化基地调查资料和实际监测结果表明：中江县中药材产业化基地农业环境未受到污染,适合无公害中药材的生产。     

Level and characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in feed and feed additives

Feed security is a prerequisite for safe animal food products. In this study, 13 groups of feed and feed ingredients, totaling 2067 samples, were collected in the period of 2011 to 2014 from China. The highest mean level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was found in fish meals and shell powders, with a concentration of 60.35 ng/kg, followed by mineral origin materials. In terms of the toxicity equivalent concentration, the fish oil group showed the highest PCDD/F levels because of their bio-accumulation through the aquatic food chain, with an average concentration of 1.26 ng WHO-TEQ/kg, while the lowest level was observed in compound feed for chickens and pigs, with an average value of 0.16 ng WHO-TEQ/kg. OCDD and OCDF were the predominant congeners in all groups except fish oils, in which the primary congeners were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDF. For zinc chloride samples, different from other zinc-based compound samples, the main congeners were 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (17%), 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF (15%), 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF (12%) and OCDF (30%). Considering toxicity equivalency factors, the dominant congeners were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1, 2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF, 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, and the contribution to the total TEQ was 29%, 16%, 14% and 12%, respectively. Overall, 2.1% (43 out of 2067) of all the analyzed samples exceeded the different individual ''European Union maximum limited levels for PCDD/Fs. This study is beneficial for the determination of the status of contamination levels of feed and feed ingredients.     

模拟酸雨对钝化剂修复镉污染土壤效果研究

采用土柱试验和盆栽试验方法,研究模拟酸雨淋溶和水淋溶1a期间,海泡石、生物炭和有机肥对四川(SC)和湖南(HN)镉(Cd)污染农田土壤稳定效果及小白菜富集Cd的影响.结果表明:与水淋溶相比,酸雨淋溶降低SC和HN土壤淋出液pH值,增加淋出液电导率(EC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和Cd含量,其中SC和HN土壤淋出液Cd含...     

不同林地清理方式对杉木幼林生态系统水土流失的影响

利用径流小区定位观测法对不同林地清理方式林地的水、土、肥流失及产流过程进行的６年定位研究结果表明：不同林地清理方式导致了林地水、土、肥流失的较大差异。随时间推移，这种差异在缩小。林地缺少采伐剩余物覆盖及炼山时有机质烧失是炼山林地严重水土流失的重要原因。在影响南方杉木造林地水土流失诸因子中，炼山是首要因子。     

杉木林取代阔叶林后土壤生物学活性变化的研究

通过对福建省南平市溪后安曹下取代阔叶林的70a生杉木车产林（山坡）、32a生杉木“青年林”（山坡）及前茬阔叶林（山脊）土壤生物学活性连续2a的比较研究结果表明，与山脊上前茬的阔叶林相比，70a生杉木丰产林土壤微生物总数、生理类群的数量减少、活性下降；土壤酶活性减弱；呼吸作用强度（内源）及添加基质的外源呼吸作用强度降低，土壤中有机质分解和腐殖质再合成程度降低．32a生杉木“青年林”土壤生物学活性下降则更为明显，说明从杉木取代阔叶林（头耕土）起，土壤生化活性及土壤肥力就存在明显下降现象，轮伐期缩短或林地连栽杉木代数增加，而不采取恢复地力措施，杉木林地地力衰退将更为明显．     

Potential of Pteris vittata L. for phytoremediation of sites co-contaminated with cadmium and arsenic： The tolerance and accumulation

Field investigation and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the tolerance of Pteris vittata L. （Chinese brake） to cadmium （Cd） and its feasibility for remediating sites co-contaminated with Cd and arsenic （As）. The results showed that P. vittata could survive in pot soils spiked with 80 mg/kg of Cd and tolerated as great as 301 mg/kg of total Cd and 26.8 mg/kg of diethyltriaminepenta acetic acid （DTPA）-extractable Cd under field conditions. The highest concentration of Cd in fronds was 186 mg/kg under a total soil concentration of 920 mg As/kg and 98.6 mg Cd/kg in the field, whereas just 2.6 mg/kg under greenhouse conditions. Ecotypes of P. vittata were differentiated in tolerance and accumulation of Cd, and some of them could not only tolerate high concentrations of soil Cd, but also accumulated high concentrations of Cd in their fronds. Arsenic uptake and transportation by P. vittata was not inhibited at lower levels （〈20 mg/kg） of Cd addition. Compared to the treatment without addition of Cd, the frond As concentration was increased by 103.8% at 20 mg Cd/kg, with the highest level of 6434 mg/kg. The results suggested that the Cd-tolerant ecotype of P. vittata extracted effectively As and Cd from the site co-contaminated with Cd and As, and might be used to remediate and revegetate this type of site.     

中国水域中华白海豚种群分布现状与保护

中华白海豚是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,在中国主要分布于广西、海南、广东、香港、澳门、福建、台湾西部、浙江沿岸,向北达东海北部长江口,黄海北部辽宁沿岸偶有发现.自南向北形成各自的地方种群,相邻种群间可能有基因交流.渔业时有误捕,沿岸屡有搁浅,各栖息地段的种群数量呈现减少趋势.资源减少的主要原因是受人类活动加剧的影响,以及生态环境不断恶化,威胁着本种的生存.为此建立中华白海豚自然保护区是最有效的保护措施之一,但亟待采取有效的管理措施和健全管理机制,加强中华白海豚的资源保护.     

中药制药过程的职业危害与控制措施

建国以来,我国中药制药生产技术发生了巨大的变化,经历了上个世纪六七十年代的中药生产“机械化”、八十年代的中药制药“工业化”和九十年代提出的以“现代化”为目标的三个阶段。目前中药行业正处于传统工艺与现代技术相结合的新发展阶段,制药工艺复杂,制药工序中潜在的职业危害因素较多。本文通过分析常见的中药制药过程,找出其中可能产生职业危害的工序、环节,并提出了相应的控制措施,以期达到降低或消除制药行业作业职业危害的目的。