Predicting the Range of Chinese Mitten Crabs in Europe

Abstract:  Ecological niche modeling provides a means for predicting the potential future distribution of a nonindigenous species based on environmental characteristics of the species' native range. We applied this method to the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) , a catadromous crustacean with a long history of invasion in Europe. We used genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction to predict the potential European distribution of mitten crab based on its distribution in 42 locations in its native Asia. The climatic variables, air temperature, number of days, amount of precipitation, and wetness index, contributed significantly to predictions of native distribution limits. Although the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction model was developed for the native range, the species' extensive distribution in Europe ( n = 434) allowed independent validation of the predictions. Application of the model to Europe was successful, with 84% of occurrences in regions predicted to be suitable by >80% of the models and <4% of occurrences in areas predicted suitable by <50% of the models (mainly along the northern range). At the watershed scale, areas with established mitten crab populations had significantly higher habitat matching than sites that were not invaded. The independent validation of the Asian-based model by the European distribution revealed that predictions were highly accurate. The model also identified large areas of Europe, particularly along the Mediterranean coast, as vulnerable to future invasion. These predictions can be used to develop strategies to control the spread of mitten crab by preventing introductions into vulnerable areas.     

不同土壤类型中外源汞对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的毒性

参考国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的跳虫毒性测试方法 ISO11267,分析了汞(Hg)在我国9种典型土壤中对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的急性毒性及繁殖毒性。发现Hg在不同类型土壤中对白符跳的半数致死浓度(LC50)变化为(0.92~1.94)mg·kg-1,而对白符跳繁殖产生影响的半数效应浓度(EC50)变化范围为(0.98~2.43)mg·kg-1,产生10%影响的浓度(EC10)变化范围为(0.29~1.40)mg·kg-1。将土壤的主要理化性质(p H、OM、CEC)与Hg对白符跳的EC50进行相关性回归分析,发现土壤CEC与EC50呈显著正相关关系(r=0.8624,p0.01),随着土壤CEC的增大,Hg的EC50值也趋于升高。因此,土壤CEC可能是导致不同类型土壤中汞对白符跳毒性差异的主要因素。本研究结果可为制定基于我国土壤类型的生态筛选值提供基础参考数据。     

不同土壤类型中外源汞对白符跳（Folsomia candida）的毒性研究

参考国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的跳虫毒性测试方法 ISO11267,分析了汞(Hg)在我国9种典型土壤中对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的急性毒性及繁殖毒性。发现Hg在不同类型土壤中对白符跳的半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)变化为(0.92～1.94) mg·kg^-1,而对白符跳繁殖产生影响的半数效应浓度(EC₅₀)变化范围为(0.98～2.43) mg·kg^-1,产生10%影响的浓度(EC10)变化范围为(0.29～1.40) mg·kg^-1 。将土壤的主要理化性质(pH、OM、CEC)与Hg对白符跳的EC₅₀进行相关性回归分析,发现土壤CEC与EC₅₀呈显著正相关关系(r=0.8624,p<0.01),随着土壤CEC的增大,Hg的EC₅₀值也趋于升高。因此,土壤CEC可能是导致不同类型土壤中汞对白符跳毒性差异的主要因素。本研究结果可为制定基于我国土壤类型的生态筛选值提供基础参考数据。     

Quantitative and structural analyses of hazardous elements in Chinese medicines and herbs

Thirty samples of Chinese medicines and herbs were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, mainly noting on the hazardous elements arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium, antimony and cobalt. The three Niuhuang Jiedu Pian samples contained 8.6%, 8.3% and 2.2% As. Two out of four Liushen Wan samples contained approximately7% of both As and Hg. Despite being identically named, the other two Liushen Wan samples did not contain such high concentrations. Japanese Liushen Wan for children contained 1.2 ± 0.03% As and 31 ± 12 mg/kg Hg, whereas Liushen Wan for adults manufactured by another Japanese company contained 550 ± 22 mg/kg As and 1.2 ± 0.05 mg/kg Hg. All the chemical structural formulas of As and Hg in the high-concentration Niuhuang Jiedu Pian and Liushen Wan were realgar (As₄S₄), uzonite (As₄S₅) and cinnabar (HgS). Although the human body is generally not believed to absorb sulphides, continuous intake of these Chinese medicines is potentially no good because it is possible that some arsenic-sulfides will dissolve in gastric acid and then alter their chemical structures. Additionally, many herbs contained low concentrations of Hg, and their chemical structures were unknown.     

Comparative study of Chinese ecological agriculture and sustainable agriculture

Although sustainable development has already been promulgated as one of its fundamental strategies by the national government since 1993, sustainable development, as an exotic new paradigm characteristic of profound philosophical and ethical thinking initiated in developed countries, is still not familiar to the Chinese people. Fortunately, in parallel to the evolution of sustainable agriculture, mainly in developed countries, since the beginning of the 1980s, Chinese agricultural scientists and technicians have already innovated their own unique form of Chinese Ecological Agriculture (CEA), on the basis of traditional agriculture that has been sustained for more than 4000 years. The basic principle of CEA emphasizes the obeying of both ecological rules and economic rules, as well as the approach of systematics and ecological engineering exactly corresponding to those adopted by sustainable development. The major difference between the two is that CEA has already been executed on a very large scale and has served as an effective and popularized way to implement sustainable agriculture in most parts of China. Also, as an active way of intensifying agriculture in terms of more inputs of skills, knowledge and labour, CEA is contributing much to all-round rural development throughout China.     

基于粗糙集与灰色SVM的中国CO2排放量预测

从我国CO2排放量的不确定性、不完整性、小样本等特征出发,以灰色系统(GM)模型和支持向量机(SVM)模型为基础,建立基于粗糙集的组合预测模型.利用该模型以我国1990~2011年CO2排放量的数据以及同期的人口数量、GDP和能源消耗总量数据为基础对我国同期CO2排放量进行预测来验证其有效性,最后对我国2012~2017的CO2排放量进行预测.结果表明,灰色系统理论与支持向量机模型仅能够反应我国CO2排放的长期变化趋势,在预测精度上存在一定缺陷而基于粗糙集与灰色SVM的组合预测模型在预测精度上明显优于以上两种方法,能够对我国未来CO2排放量进行准确有效的预测分析.     

中国资源能源稀缺度因子及其在生命周期评价中的应用

在生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)方法中,利用资源稀缺度因子,可以综合评价一个产品生命周期中总体的资源消耗水平。论文基于广泛采用的CML方法中的非生物资源消耗(Abiotic Depletion Potential, ADP)因子,通过引入中国的资源自给率修正,得出了中国非生物资源消耗因子(Chinese Abiotic Depletion Potential,CADP)及其指标。CADP因子可支持国内LCA研究和相关政策研究中的资源、能源消耗综合评价,同时也为其他国家或地区的资源评价提供了一种普遍适用的方法。案例研究表明,1 kWh电网电力的生命周期CADP指标为1.02 kg coal-R eq.,60.46%的贡献都来自于原煤资源的消耗,其次来自石油的消耗(11.63%),此外还包括基础设施建设中铜、镍等资源的消耗。     

中药免疫增强剂抗肿瘤作用机理及物质基础

近年来,中药免疫增强剂的作用机理及物质基础逐渐被现代医学不断研究揭示.研究表明中药中的多糖类,苷类,黄酮类,挥发油类等成分能提高机体的免疫能力,能够明显增强免疫器官的重量,增强体液免疫和细胞免疫及促进机体产生细胞因子等作用.参31.     

两种四环素类兽药抗生素对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的毒性效应

采用土培和水培相结合的方法,在预试验研究的基础上,研究砖红壤中不同质量分数金霉素（0～4 000 mg·kg-1）、土霉素（0～25 000 mg·kg-1）和水溶液中不同质量浓度金霉素（0～150 mg·L-1）和土霉素（0～150 mg·L-1）污染对白菜（Brassica pekimensis）种子发芽的抑制与毒性效应。结果表明：（1）当土壤中添加外源土霉素时,白菜种子发芽率总体呈下降趋势。而当添加金霉素时,白菜种子发芽率在85%附近波动,与对照相比,并无显著差异（P〉0.05）。而在水培条件下,金霉素对白菜发芽的抑制作用大于土霉素,但并未达显著差异水平（P〉0.05）。（2）白菜根伸长量随着土壤、水溶液中土霉素和金霉素质量分数或质量浓度的增加而缩短,生长均受到抑制。且与两种抗生素的质量分数或质量浓度均表现为极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）。（3）同一质量分数或质量浓度水平下,发芽率、根伸长、芽伸长对金霉素和土霉素的生态毒性敏感顺序依次为根伸长〉芽伸长〉发芽率。根伸长抑制率可作为诊断土霉素、金霉素对土壤毒性的敏感指标,反映土壤被四环素类抗生素污染的状况。（4）金霉素和土霉素在水培条件下对白菜的IC50值分别为20.32和287.52 mg·L-1。而在土壤中,白菜对金霉素和土霉素的IC50值分别为851.08和14 045.75 mg·kg-1。说明在土霉素对白菜的毒性作用小于金霉素,并且2种抗生素在土壤中对白菜根伸长的抑制效应明显低于水溶液中的抑制效应,这与土壤对抗生素污染有重要的缓冲作用有关。