中国土壤环境背景值研究

本文报告了中国土壤61种元素的背景值以及某些元素在全国的分布特征和变化趋势.简要介绍了中国土壤背景值图集.讨论了土壤背景值在制定土壤环境质量标准、研究人体健康和农业方面的应用实例.     

农户土地利用对环境压力的适应研究进展

农户视角土地利用对环境压力的适应研究已成为气候变化和持续性科学领域的热点。 文章从适应能力决定因素识别、适应障碍和限制因素诊断、适应的生态环境后果评估三个方面综述了农户土地利用对环境压力的适应研究取得的重要进展;梳理了农户适应环境压力的研究方法：综合指数法、参与式评估法、统计和计量经济模型法、适应的共同管理模型法。基于已有研究的特征和转型适应的需要,提出了有待进一步研究的问题：①构建适应研究的理论框架,为经验研究提供理论支撑;②重视提高农户适应能力的制度政策和农户适应实践的生态环境后果评估,为持续适应提供依据;③跨多层次主体综合考察农户土地利用适应过程机理; ④基于系统论思想、多学科和跨学科知识,以及现有方法论基础,构建涉及多层次利益相关主体的农户土地利用对环境压力的适应共同管理模型,以实现适应的科学的社会治理。     

论龙须草的开发价值及在我国的利用现状与展望

龙须草(Eulaliopsis binata)是中国、印度等亚洲少数国家特有的野生资源植物,在我国西南山区极富有开发价值。本文从龙须草的经济效益、生态效益、社会效益诸方面详细论述了龙须草在促进山区人民脱贫致富、解决山区剩余劳动力、缓解造纸原料短缺现状、增加纸张品种与品位、治理水土流失、恢复生态平衡等方面的独特作用;分析了我国开发利用龙须草资源的现状,指出“建立全国性生产、供销、科学研究一体化协作组织”、“开展驯化龙须草为栽培作物的系统研究”、“开展国际学术交流”等为当前龙须草开发与应用急需解决的7大课题。     

施硅对白菜体内镉的分布及其吸收迁移的影响

在土壤外源镉污染下,施硅考察土培盆栽条件下白菜体内不同部位间镉的分布及其吸收迁移状况。试验表明,施硅显著降低白菜根、茎、叶中的镉含量和镉累积量,随土壤外源镉污染加剧,施硅抑制白菜各器官吸收累积镉的效果愈好,且不同硅水平处理间的差异亦渐趋显著。硅降低根的镉吸收系数,在土壤外源镉处理下,施硅降低镉的初级转移系数和次级转移系数以及地上部的镉转移系数,显著降低地上部的镉吸收系数;施硅增加白菜根、茎、叶中的硅含量和硅累积量,硅含量和硅累积量的分布为根>叶>茎和叶>茎>根,与镉含量和镉累积量的分布规律一致,白菜体内有可能形成硅-镉复合物以减轻镉的毒害。     

Safety performance measurement in collectivized oil companies in China: Contribution of leading indicators to lagging indicators

With the collectivization of the Chinese oil industry, oil companies have been expanding in size. However, the intensified differences in the safety performance of subsidiaries have severely hindered the collaborative management of the headquarters. Understanding the safety status of each member is urgent for parent companies and their subsidiaries to identify gaps and make improvements. A unified set of safety performance indicators and a practical measurement tool are essential for the Chinese oil industry. Hence, this study identified a set of safety performance indicators encompassing both leading and lagging indicators using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and entropy weight method (EWM) to reveal the critical factors affecting the safety performance of the oil industry. A total of 300 front-line workers from eight subsidiaries of an oil company participated in the survey. The identified indicators were preliminarily weighted using EWM. Then, DEA was employed to measure the safety performance of the eight subsidiaries, demonstrating that management commitment was the most crucial factor in distinguishing safety performance; safety culture was more differentiated than risk management. Safety performance was not entirely positively correlated with safety investments, but the reasonable allocation of safety resources played a vital role. In addition, the weaknesses in each subsidiary's safety management were identified, and the quantitative effects of each leading indicator on safety performance were obtained.