Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.     

居民生活垃圾及生活污水产生量的影响因素通径分析

通过构建多元通径分析模型,定量分析中国各地区人口总数、生产总值、居民消费水平和生活供水用水量对生活垃圾清运量和生活污水排放量的直接影响和间接影响。结果表明各地区的生产总值对生活垃圾清运量的直接影响最大。生活用水供水量也对生活垃圾的清运量有一定的直接影响,居民消费水平和人口总数几乎没有直接影响。人口总数对垃圾清运量的间接影响最大,居民生活用水供水量、居民消费水平、地区生产总值对于垃圾清运量都具有不同程度的间接影响。生活用水供水量对生活污水排放量影响最大,地区生产总值和居民消费水平对生活污水排放量也有一定的直接影响,而人口总数几乎没有直接影响。人口总数对生活污水排放量的间接影响最大,其次是地区生产总值、居民消费水平和生活用水供水量对污水排放量也有间接影响。     

煤矸石作无土栽培基质的可行性研究

煤矸石是我国煤炭工业主要的废弃物之一,一方面占用大量农田和土地,另一方面也成为固、液和气三害俱全的污染源,造成了一系列生态环境问题。为了加强对煤矸石利用以使其资源化,试验在分析煤矸石的理化性质的基础上,采用复合脱硫剂对煤矸石进行脱硫处理,探讨了脱硫煤矸石基质对小白菜的生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:煤矸石的容重小、孔隙度大、气水比适中,无重金属污染。当加入复合脱硫剂处理时,其对全硫和有效硫的脱除率分别为86.12%和89.16%。脱硫煤矸石基质栽培小白菜产量、维生素C和可溶性糖含量分别为4.51kg/m2、45.76mg/100g、60.2mg/kg,均高于土壤栽培,分别为土壤栽培的1.11、1.24、1.23倍,与炉渣栽培相接近,NO3-含量却低于土壤。     

UV-Fenton法处理中药废水的研究

采用UV-Fenton技术对中药废水进行氧化处理,对主要影响因素及其对废水处理效果的影响进行了实验研究。主要考察了废水pH、H2O2投加量,Fe2＋投加量,Fe2＋/H2O2投加比、温度等对废水中CODcr去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在pH=3.83,H2O2投加量为1倍理论投加量Qth,Fe2＋投加量为7.9×10-3mol.l-1,Fe2＋：H2O2=1：27,23℃的情况下反应80 min后CODcr去除率达到80.25%,UV-Fenton氧化系统对中药废水有比较好的处理效果,改善了废水的可生化性,有利于进一步进行生化处理。     

Estimation of bioaccessibility and potential human health risk of mercury in Chinese patent medicines

Mercury(Hg), mainly in cinnabar species, has been used in medicine for thousands of years in China, and worldwide concern has been raised on its toxicity. In this work, the amount of bioaccessible mercury in 16 Chinese patent medicines(CPMs) was measured by using an in vitro simulated digestion system, consisting of simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, to investigate the bioavailability of mercury in CPMs and evaluate its potential risk to human health. Total mercury and mercury in the gastrointestinal extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The levels of total Hg in 16 CPMs ranged from not detected to 11.89 mg/g, with a mean value of 1.13 mg/g, while the extractable Hg ranged from not detected to 4.37 μg/g, with a mean value of 0.42 μg/g.Mercury bioaccessibility varied significantly in the investigated CPMs, depending on the ingredient. Compared to the CPMs without cinnabar(2.5%–30.9%), the percentage of mercury in the gastrointestinal supernatants for CPMs with cinnabar was quite a bit lower(0.037%). By comparing with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives(FAO/WHO) safety guideline, the average daily intake dose(ADD) of Hg in the medicines was then calculated to access the risk of mercury to human health from taking CPMs.     

中药废水污泥群落结构解析中PCR-DGGE引物的选择与评价

在中药废水生物活性污泥群落DGGE解析过程中,为了探讨16S rDNA通用引物的扩增效率和对污泥细菌群落的表征能力,选用包括简并性引物在内的11对通用引物扩增16S rDNA序列的4个可变区,并应用DGGE图谱评价不同引物的扩增效率和微生物种群多样性.结果表明,采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,微生物种群多样性存在着显...     

野猪和几种家猪亲缘关系的RAPD分析

对二花脸猪、红灯笼猪、姜曲海猪、香猪、约克夏猪及华东地区野猪共２４个个体进行了随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分析,以探讨家猪与野猪间的亲缘关系．实验从４０个引物中选用重复性较好的１３个引物对所有个体进行了随机扩增,共获得１９２个ＲＡＰＤ标记．ＲＡＰＤ研究结果表明：（１）长江下游江苏地区家猪品种或类群内遗传变异相对较小,群体的遗传趋异程度处于较低水平;（２）二花脸猪、红灯笼猪及姜曲海猪与华东地区的野猪可能起源于一个共同的祖先;（３）中国家猪各地方品种可能由分布于各地区的亚洲野猪经人们长期的定向选育而形成     

农户对农业农村信息化认知的影响因素分析——基于甘肃地区农户的样本调查

当代农业信息在推动农村经济发展、增加农民收入方面发挥着越来越重要的作用.农户是农业信息消费与需求的重要主体之一,他们对信息化的认知对农业农村信息化建设工作具有重要影响.在对甘肃地区农户样本调查数据进行多重线性回归分析的基础上,得出农户人均收入水平、耕地面积、农田水利条件等因素对农户认知农业农村信息化有重要的促进作用,提出了相关对策和建议.     

Reverse logistics in the Chinese auto-parts firms: implementation framework development through multiple case studies

In recent years, the implementation of reverse logistics (RL) in automobile manufacturing has drawn extensive interest from the Chinese government that has launched relevant take-back and environmental regulations and pilot projects. This study focuses on RL implementation issues in Chinese auto-parts manufacturing sector. Based on comprehensive literature review and multiple case studies in the Chinese auto-parts firms, this paper proposes a conceptual RL framework and highlights the major implementation issues. The purpose of this paper is to draw an overall picture of RL in the Chinese context, highlighting implementation issues in the auto-parts sector. Our study suggests that Chinese RL implementation requires close government monitoring mechanism and incentives, top management commitment within firms, technology and human capabilities support.     

汽车环境风洞降雨模拟影响因素研究

目的 研究自然界降雨量与汽车环境风洞模拟降雨量之间的关系,得到中国气象条件的雨量设定经验公式,为汽车环境风洞模拟降雨量的设定提供理论依据。方法 理论分析自然界气象降雨和汽车环境风洞模拟降雨的特点和差异,研究影响汽车环境风洞模拟降雨量的因素。结果 在无风条件下,影响汽车环境风洞降雨量的因素有气象降雨量、前挡风玻璃倾角、雨滴直径和车速等。按照车速将降雨分为汽车停止和汽车行驶2种模式,提出结合中国气象条件的汽车环境风洞模拟降雨量的经验公式。结论 在相同降雨等级下,汽车停止状态下的汽车环境风洞降雨量一般大于车辆行驶状态。在气象降雨量等级为短时中雨时,行驶汽车的雨量设定值与车速呈指数增长关系。