移动式絮凝-气浮集成系统研制及其在城市污染河湖治理中的应用

针对北京城市河湖的污染状况,论述了传统絮凝-气浮工艺在污染治理中的应用研究及以该工艺为基础的集成系统的开发.结果表明,该系统对TP、COD去除率分别达81%和75%.该系统的研制成功为城市河湖的污染治理开辟了新途径.     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.     

煤矸石作无土栽培基质的可行性研究

煤矸石是我国煤炭工业主要的废弃物之一,一方面占用大量农田和土地,另一方面也成为固、液和气三害俱全的污染源,造成了一系列生态环境问题。为了加强对煤矸石利用以使其资源化,试验在分析煤矸石的理化性质的基础上,采用复合脱硫剂对煤矸石进行脱硫处理,探讨了脱硫煤矸石基质对小白菜的生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:煤矸石的容重小、孔隙度大、气水比适中,无重金属污染。当加入复合脱硫剂处理时,其对全硫和有效硫的脱除率分别为86.12%和89.16%。脱硫煤矸石基质栽培小白菜产量、维生素C和可溶性糖含量分别为4.51kg/m2、45.76mg/100g、60.2mg/kg,均高于土壤栽培,分别为土壤栽培的1.11、1.24、1.23倍,与炉渣栽培相接近,NO3-含量却低于土壤。     

UV-Fenton法处理中药废水的研究

采用UV-Fenton技术对中药废水进行氧化处理,对主要影响因素及其对废水处理效果的影响进行了实验研究。主要考察了废水pH、H2O2投加量,Fe2＋投加量,Fe2＋/H2O2投加比、温度等对废水中CODcr去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在pH=3.83,H2O2投加量为1倍理论投加量Qth,Fe2＋投加量为7.9×10-3mol.l-1,Fe2＋：H2O2=1：27,23℃的情况下反应80 min后CODcr去除率达到80.25%,UV-Fenton氧化系统对中药废水有比较好的处理效果,改善了废水的可生化性,有利于进一步进行生化处理。     

Biological Connectivity of Seasonally Ponded Wetlands across Spatial and Temporal Scales

Many species that inhabit seasonally ponded wetlands also rely on surrounding upland habitats and nearby aquatic ecosystems for resources to support life stages and to maintain viable populations. Understanding biological connectivity among these habitats is critical to ensure that landscapes are protected at appropriate scales to conserve species and ecosystem function. Biological connectivity occurs across a range of spatial and temporal scales. For example, at annual time scales many organisms move between seasonal wetlands and adjacent terrestrial habitats as they undergo life‐stage transitions; at generational time scales, individuals may disperse among nearby wetlands; and at multigenerational scales, there can be gene flow across large portions of a species’ range. The scale of biological connectivity may also vary among species. Larger bodied or more vagile species can connect a matrix of seasonally ponded wetlands, streams, lakes, and surrounding terrestrial habitats on a seasonal or annual basis. Measuring biological connectivity at different spatial and temporal scales remains a challenge. Here we review environmental and biological factors that drive biological connectivity, discuss implications of biological connectivity for animal populations and ecosystem processes, and provide examples illustrating the range of spatial and temporal scales across which biological connectivity occurs in seasonal wetlands.     

Estimation of bioaccessibility and potential human health risk of mercury in Chinese patent medicines

Mercury(Hg), mainly in cinnabar species, has been used in medicine for thousands of years in China, and worldwide concern has been raised on its toxicity. In this work, the amount of bioaccessible mercury in 16 Chinese patent medicines(CPMs) was measured by using an in vitro simulated digestion system, consisting of simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, to investigate the bioavailability of mercury in CPMs and evaluate its potential risk to human health. Total mercury and mercury in the gastrointestinal extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The levels of total Hg in 16 CPMs ranged from not detected to 11.89 mg/g, with a mean value of 1.13 mg/g, while the extractable Hg ranged from not detected to 4.37 μg/g, with a mean value of 0.42 μg/g.Mercury bioaccessibility varied significantly in the investigated CPMs, depending on the ingredient. Compared to the CPMs without cinnabar(2.5%–30.9%), the percentage of mercury in the gastrointestinal supernatants for CPMs with cinnabar was quite a bit lower(0.037%). By comparing with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives(FAO/WHO) safety guideline, the average daily intake dose(ADD) of Hg in the medicines was then calculated to access the risk of mercury to human health from taking CPMs.     

中药废水污泥群落结构解析中PCR-DGGE引物的选择与评价

在中药废水生物活性污泥群落DGGE解析过程中,为了探讨16S rDNA通用引物的扩增效率和对污泥细菌群落的表征能力,选用包括简并性引物在内的11对通用引物扩增16S rDNA序列的4个可变区,并应用DGGE图谱评价不同引物的扩增效率和微生物种群多样性.结果表明,采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,微生物种群多样性存在着显...     

富营养水体中常绿水生植被组建及净化效果研究

1992～1993年在富营养湖泊五里湖中开展了常绿型人工水生植被组建实验,在面积为2000m²的半封闭式围隔实验区中,选用耐寒植物伊乐藻和喜温植物菱及风眼莲,组建成了常绿型人工水生植被。这种常绿型人工水生植被不仅使实验区内常年保持较好的水质,而且对外来污染冲击有很强的缓冲能力。它可用于水源保护、局部性水质控制、污水净化生态工程、小型富营养水体的生态恢复等。如能解决耐寒型沉水植物伊乐藻与喜温型沉水植物种类间的衔接过渡,这种常绿型人工水生植被技术还可望用于富营养水体中天然水生植被的恢复。     

野猪和几种家猪亲缘关系的RAPD分析

对二花脸猪、红灯笼猪、姜曲海猪、香猪、约克夏猪及华东地区野猪共２４个个体进行了随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分析,以探讨家猪与野猪间的亲缘关系．实验从４０个引物中选用重复性较好的１３个引物对所有个体进行了随机扩增,共获得１９２个ＲＡＰＤ标记．ＲＡＰＤ研究结果表明：（１）长江下游江苏地区家猪品种或类群内遗传变异相对较小,群体的遗传趋异程度处于较低水平;（２）二花脸猪、红灯笼猪及姜曲海猪与华东地区的野猪可能起源于一个共同的祖先;（３）中国家猪各地方品种可能由分布于各地区的亚洲野猪经人们长期的定向选育而形成     

RESPONSE OF NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER LAKES TO SIMULATED FUTURE CLIMATES1

ABSTRACT: We apply a physically based lake model to assess the response of North American lakes to future climate conditions as portrayed by the transient trace-gas simulations conducted with the Max Planck Institute (ECHAM4) and the Canadian Climate Center (CGCM1) atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (A/OGCMs). To quantify spatial patterns of lake responses (temperature, mixing, ice cover, evaporation) we ran the lake model for theoretical lakes of specified area, depth, and transparency over a uniformly spaced (50 km) grid. The simulations were conducted for two 10-year periods that represent present climatic conditions and those around the time of CO₂ doubling. Although the climate model output produces simulated lake responses that differ in specific regional details, there is broad agreement with regard to the direction and area of change. In particular, lake temperatures are generally warmer in the future as a result of warmer climatic conditions and a substantial loss (> 100 days/yr) of winter ice cover. Simulated summer lake temperatures are higher than 30°C over the Midwest and south, suggesting the potential for future disturbance of existing aquatic ecosystems. Overall increases in lake evaporation combine with disparate changes in A/OGCM precipitation to produce future changes in net moisture (precipitation minus evaporation) that are of less fidelity than those of lake temperature.