淡水绿藻的光合碳酸氢盐利用探讨

为了探讨藻类对碳酸氢盐的利用,采用pH漂移实验技术,辅以氧测定技术和抑制剂的抑制实验,研究了斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的光合无机碳摄取速率(PCU)和净光合速率(NPS).结果表明,PCU对pH的曲线上存在明显的转折点(简写为pHTP),在pH超过PHTP后存在第2个PCU峰,求此峰的平均值并以PCUsc表示,可以作为表征藻类碳酸氢盐利用的参数.蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻的PCUBC值分别为269.41和175.98μmol·g-1·h-1它们的平均NPS(pH为4.8～11.0)分别为477.5和495.9ttmol·g-1·h-1.随着碳酸酐酶抑制剂AZ(acetazolamide)浓度的增加,PCUBC减小;当AZ达到1.2mmol·L-1时,蛋白核小球藻的PCUBC减小到0.随AZ浓度增加,蛋白核小球藻PCUBC减小的速度比斜生栅藻的快.AZ和阴离子交换抑制剂DIDS(4,4'-diisothiocyanatoetilbene-2,2'-disuffonic acid)对蛋白核小球藻的PCU和NPS的抑制作用大于斜生删藻.AZ和DIDS对2株藻的PCU的抑制均大于对它们NPS的抑制.2株藻具有高的PCUBC值,都是强碳酸氢盐利用者.     

兰州市沙尘天气与痤疮门诊量的时间序列

研究沙尘天气、非沙尘天气下颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀）对痤疮门诊量的影响,并进行性别、年龄分层研究,筛选敏感人群.收集了2013~2017年兰州市沙尘期与非沙尘期3家三甲医院痤疮门诊量资料、大气颗粒物及气象数据,采用基于泊松分布的分布滞后非线性模型（DLNM）,控制气象因素、季节性和长期趋势、星期几效应等混杂因素,分析沙尘期与非沙尘期颗粒物对痤疮门诊量的影响及滞后效应.结果表明：沙尘期时,兰州市3家三甲医院痤疮日均门诊量为26人次,范围3~54人次.非沙尘期时痤疮日均门诊量为37人次,范围1~89人次;单污染物模型显示,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀均在滞后第6d （lag6）时效应量达到最大值,其浓度每增加10μg/m³,痤疮门诊量的超额危险度（ER）及95%可信区间（95% CI）分别为1.065（95% CI：0.260~1.877）、0.355（95% CI：0.018~0.693）、0.310（95% CI：0.054~0.567）,PM_2.5对痤疮门诊量的影响最为显著;性别及年龄分层发现,性别分层中PM_2.5对女性的影响有统计学意义,其浓度每增加10μg/m³,痤疮门诊量增加1.077（95% CI：0.124~2.039）;年龄分层中,0~18岁组受PM_C、PM₁₀影响显著,19~24岁组受PM_2.5、PM₁₀影响显著,各颗粒物对25~34岁组及≥35岁组效应无统计学意义.在非沙尘期时,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀不引起痤疮门诊量增加.双/多污染物模型显示,分别调整其他污染物后,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀对痤疮门诊量的影响与单污染物模型类似,仍具有统计学意义.兰州市沙尘天气下大气颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀）可使痤疮门诊量增加,对女性及青少年影响显著.     

不同营养模式下固定化斜生栅藻和普通小球藻氨氮去除能力对比分析

微藻培养耦合污水处理是一项极具潜力的绿色生物技术,具有污染物减排和资源化的双重效应.为明确不同微藻固定化后对NH₄+-N去除的差异及优势,以斜生栅藻和普通小球藻为研究对象,以自由生长为对照,通过5 d的批次培养试验对比分析了2种固定化微藻不同营养模式下对NH₄+-N污水的适应性及其生长特性.结果表明:①对比自由生长,固定化生长可有效提升斜生栅藻在自养和异养模式下的NH₄+-N去除能力,2种模式下最大去除率分别为98%和53%,而在混养模式下,最大去除率则从100%降至86%.②固定化生长对普通小球藻NH₄+-N去除率的提升较弱,仅在自养模式下发挥正效应,最大去除率可升至37%,在混养模式下,其自由生长优势强于固定化生长,当C/N为10时,NH₄+-N第4天即可完全去除.③固定化生长并未改变混养模式下2种微藻生长对ρ(COD_Cr)的依赖性,而该效应在异养模式下并不明显.④除自养模式外,固定化生长均略低于自由生长,并且普通小球藻的生长速率也显著高于斜生栅藻.研究显示,斜生栅藻单个细胞对NH₄+-N的去除能力优于普通小球藻单个细胞,斜生栅藻污水培养的适应性更强,并且固定化自养模式最佳,而普通小球藻固定化优势微弱.      

Paternal care in the European starling,Sturnus vulgaris: nestling provisioning

The extent to which male birds in polygynous species with biparental care assist in nestling feeding often varies considerably between nests of different mating status. Both how much polygynous males assist and how they divide their effort between nests may have a profound effect on the evolution of mating systems. In this study we investigated how males in the facultatively polygynous European starling Sturnus vulgaris invested in their different nests. The amount of male assistance affected the quality of the offspring. Polygynous males invested as much as monogamous males, but divided their effort asymmetrically between nests, predominantly feeding nestlings of first-mated (primary) females. Although females partly compensated for loss of male assistance, total feeding frequency was lower at primary females’ nests than at monogamous females nests. Secondary females received even less assistance with nestling rearing, and the extent to which males assisted decreased with the length of the interval between the hatching of the primary and secondary clutches. These results are contrasted with those from a Belgian populations of starlings with a much more protracted breeding season and thus greater opportunities for males to attract additional mates during the nestling rearing period. The results show that both the “defence of male parental investment model” and the “asynchronous settlement model” have explanatory power, but that their validity depends on the potential length of the breeding season. Received: 21 July 1995/Accepted after revision: 13 July 1996     

Adoption or infanticide: options of replacement males in the European starling

The behaviour of a male bird towards a potential mate and her clutch may depend both on his expected paternity and on the likelihood that she will produce a replacement clutch if he commits infanticide. In this study we evaluate the choices made by replacement male European starlings Sturnus vulgaris. By removing males before and during laying, we induced other males, mainly neighbours, to mate with the reproductively active females. When the original male was removed before laying, a new male adopted the subsequent clutch in 14 out of 15 cases. When ten females were widowed during their laying period, replacement males never adopted their clutches. The paternity of replacement males was a function of when they replaced the former male. When replacement occurred more than 3 days before egglaying, the new male fathered nearly all offspring; when it occurred the day before laying, the new male still fathered more than every second young. When the original male was removed during his mate’s laying period, in five out of ten cases a replacement male committed infanticide by throwing out the eggs, but this only occurred in one out of 15 cases when removal took place before laying. The evidence for infanticide actually being committed by the replacement male was circumstantial. Four out of six of the females affected by apparent infanticide produced replacement clutches in which the male presumably had higher paternity than in the original clutch. In all cases, the male adopted the replacement clutch. In five cases when the original male was removed during laying, the neighbours neither adopted the brood nor committed infanticide, although they sometimes were seen courting the widowed female and copulating with her. These cases occurred later during laying than those were males comitted infanticide. The time from infanticide to the laying of the replacement clutch tended to increase as infanticide was committed later in the laying sequence. We conclude that strategies of potential replacement males are influenced by their expected paternity in the current brood and the probability that the female will produce an early replacement clutch. Received: 10 March 1995 / Accepted after revision: 28 October 1995     

Copper tolerance in a population of Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima (A. & D. Love) at Dolfrwynog Bog near Dolgellau,North Wales

Clones of Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima individuals from Dolfrwynog Bog, North Wales and from a coastal control site were propagated under standardised environmental conditions. After five months, cuttings were taken and tested for copper tolerance by means of root extension analysis in solutions of various different copper concentrations. Indices of tolerance suggested that individuals from the Dolfrwynog population were more resistant to elevated copper concentrations than were the control population individuals. Due to the initial five months under standardised conditions, it was assumed that the cloned plant material would have lost all plastic adaptive responses to its native environment. If this assumption was valid then the differences in copper tolerance observed between the two populations had a genetic basis and the Dolfrwynog Bog population is a copper tolerant ecotype.     

小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)与高岭土在实验条件下的凝聚沉降行为研究

用比浊法研究了小球藻与高岭土在实验条件下的凝聚沉降行为。结果表明，小球藻与高岭土的凝聚沉降是受颗粒表面理化作用力控制的过程。环境条件通过改变颗粒间的理化作用，在不同程度上促进或抑制颗粒凝聚沉降，根据颗粒凝聚沉降的特点，可将粘土用于水污染治理。     

ISOPROTURON DEGRADATION AS AFFECTED BY THE GROWTH OF TWO ALGAL SPECIES AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND pH VALUES

Metabolism of [¹⁴C-u-phenyl]isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] by two soil and freshwater microorganisms, green alga Chlorella kesslerei and cyanobacterium Anabaena inaequalis, was studied as a function of pH, pesticide concentration, and incubation time. Metabolized isoproturon, in the media, ranged from 0% (Chlorella at pH 5.5 after 1 d) to 22% (Anabaena at pH 5.5 after 10 d). Twenty-five percent faster degradation of isoproturon by Anabaena occurred at pH 5.5 versus pH 7.5, when measured over 10 d. Increased ¹⁴C incorporation into tissue, with time and at lower pH, was due mainly to bioaccumulation of [¹⁴C]isoproturon and/or its metabolites in the cells. Metabolic degradation resulted in four identifiable (by TLC) metabolites. Based on this, a degradation pathway is proposed, involving mono- and di-N-demethylation, hydroxylation of the isopropyl moiety, and hydrolysis to 4-isopropylaniline. Similarity in the metabolites produced suggests that the enzyme systems responsible for metabolizing isoproturon are almost identical in both photosynthetic micro-algae.     

毛乌素沙地臭柏群落地下水位的变化

为了探讨毛乌素沙地臭柏群落地下水位的变化规律,在臭柏固定、半固定沙地的丘间低地设置地下水位自动记录仪,1h记录1次,连续观测1年多。结果表明:①根据地下水位的变化,把1年分成地下水缓慢上升期(A)、地下水快速变化期(B)、地下水缓慢变化期(C)3个时期;②地下水位在B期出现有规律的日变化,地下水位早晨最高,然后逐渐下降,到晚上达到最低值后,又开始上升,直到次日早晨达到最高值,完成1日的循环周期。在臭柏的非生长季节(A期、C期),地下水位的日变化规律不明显;③地下水位的日变化规律出现时的临界日平均气温为10.8℃,据此,可预测臭柏生理活动的开始与休眠,进而可指导臭柏造林实践。此外,还讨论了气温、降水及臭柏灌丛变化与地下水位的关系。     

Cultivation of Chlorella sp. HQ in inland saline-alkaline water under different light qualities

• Optimal growth of Chlorella in inland saline-alkaline water was achieved by blue LED. • Lipids of Chlorella sp. HQ were mainly composed of C16:0 and C18:2 under various LEDs. • The BiodieselAnalyzer^© software was used to evaluate the Chlorella biodiesel quality. • Chlorella sp. HQ was a high-quality feedstock for biodiesel production. Inland saline-alkaline water can be used for the low-cost cultivation of microalgae, but whether algal biomass under various light sources has the potential to produce biodiesel remains to be developed. Herein, the influence of different light-emitting diode (LEDs) light colors (blue, red, white, mixed blue-red, and mixed blue-white LED) on the growth performance, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition of Chlorella sp. HQ cultivated in inland saline-alkaline water was investigated. The highest algal density was obtained under blue LEDs at the end of cultivation, reaching 1.93±0.03 × 10⁷ cells/mL. White LEDs can improve biomass yield, total lipid yield, and triacylglycerol yield per algal cell. The main fatty acid components of Chlorella from inland saline-alkaline water were palmitic acid and linoleic acid. The BiodieselAnalyzer^© software was used to predict algal biodiesel quality by estimating different quality parameters. The cetane number, kinematic viscosity, and density of Chlorella biodiesel were 51.714–67.69, 3.583–3.845 mm²/s, and 0.834–0.863 g/cm³, respectively. This further proved that the Chlorella biomass obtained from inland saline-alkaline water has the potential to be used as a high-quality biodiesel feedstock.