Assessment of the conservation value of Munseom area in Jeju Island,South Korea

The ecosystem of munseom area (MA) in Jeju Island, one of the marine protected areas in South Korea, has been continuously threatened by lack of management and pollution of the surrounding sea area. As a result, the South Korean government is trying to implement the systematic management plan to conserve the marine ecosystem of the MA. This article tries to obtain information about the conservation value of the MA. To this end, this study examines household willingness to pay (WTP) for conserving the MA employing the contingent valuation (CV) approach. A total of 1000 South Korean households were involved in the CV survey using a dichotomous choice question. The mean yearly WTP for the conservation is estimated as KRW 1763 (USD 1.50) per household. The national value expanded from the sample to the population is worth KRW 34.0billion (USD 29.0 million) per year. The results imply that the conservation is supported by South Korean households.     

SPOT遥感数据在崇明东滩景观分类研究中的应用

以崇明东滩这一河口潮滩湿地为研究对象,利用ERDASIMAGINE图像处理软件,结合地面景观类型调查,对其1988年和2002年的SPOT遥感数据进行监督分类;对监督分类结果进行人机交互目视解译纠正,得到精度较高的崇明岛东部海岸带的景观图,并可此基础上进一步进行各种景观特征的定量分析和景观变化研究。最后讨论了不同研究目的对景观分类精度的要求,以及所采用信息源的分辨率能够划分至最细的景观要素类型。     

Integrating Local Environmental Management and Federal/State Interests Through Governance: The Case of the Garden Island Environmental Advisory Committee

The apparently unresolvable differences between managing national defense and local conservation, public recreation, and scientific research can be overcome through an advisory committee, with a strong and dedicated entity to drive the processes of governance and change. The case of the Garden Island Environmental Advisory Committee shows how the organizational and political difficulties of integrating state interests and federal concerns were met. Garden Island, off the coast of Perth, the capital of the State of Western Australia, is a base for the Royal Australian Navy which is administered by the federal Department of Defence. Examples are given of the committee's approach to integrated environmental management and the implementation of the Navy's environmental policy.     

Introduced Species and Management of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus/Austrocedrus</Emphasis> Forest

Isla Victoria (Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina), a large island dominated by native Nothofagus and Austrocedrus forest, has old plantations of many introduced tree species, some of which are famed invaders of native ecosystems elsewhere. There are also large populations of introduced deer and shrubs that may interact in a complex way with the introduced trees, as well as a recently arrived population of wild boar. Long-standing concern that the introduced trees will invade and transform native forest may be unwarranted, as there is little evidence of progressive invasion, even close to the plantations, despite over 50 years of opportunity. Introduced and native shrubs allow scattered introduced trees to achieve substantial size in abandoned pastures, but in almost all areas neither the trees nor the shrubs appear to be spreading beyond these sites. These shrub communities may be stable rather than successional, but the technology for restoring them to native forest is uncertain and probably currently impractical. Any attempt to remove the exotic tree seedlings and saplings from native forest would probably create the very conditions that would favor colonization by exotic plants rather than native trees, while simply clear-cutting the plantations would be unlikely to lead to regeneration of Nothofagus or Austrocedrus. The key to maintaining native forest is preventing catastrophic fire, as several introduced trees and shrubs would be favored over native dominant trees in recolonization. Deer undoubtedly interact with both native and introduced trees and shrubs, but their net effect on native forest is not yet clear, and specific management of deer beyond the current hunting by staff is unwarranted, at least if preventing tree invasion is the goal. The steep terrain and shallow soil make the recently arrived boar a grave threat to the native forest. Eradication is probably feasible and should be attempted quickly.     

Soils and vegetation of Santa Barbara Island,Channel Islands National Park,California, USA

The multifaceted development of an erosion surface on Santa Barbara Island, Channel Islands National Park, California, has led to this study of the relationship between soils and vegetation. A dry Mediterranean climate and past attempts at farming and introductions of alien species have led to vegetative degradation accompanied by both gully and surface erosion. Soil and vegetation analyses show this erosion to be in a location of transition. The soils are Typic Chromoxererts (Vertisol Order) with high clay, salinity, and sodium contents. The vegetation is ecotonal in nature, grading from a principally alien annual grassland withAvena fatua andAtriplex semibaccata to a shrub community dominated by the nativeSuaeda californica. Management toward revegetation and stabilization of this island ecosystem will be difficult with high clay, saline-sodic soils and disturbed vegetation.     

崇明生态岛建设生态环境指标体系研究

2005年出台的<崇明三岛总体规划(2005～2020年)>明确要将崇明建设成为环境和谐优美、资源集约利用、经济社会协调发展的现代化生态岛区.目前,通往崇明的长江隧桥建成通车,将加速推动岛域社会经济发展,同时也给生态环境带来不可估量的压力.基于崇明岛域生态环境特征,运用P-S-R模型理论,构建了崇明生态岛生态环境指标体系,包括3个方面:资源环境压力、生态环境质量、环境调控管理,以及20个指标;分析计算了各指标的2007年本底值.在此基础上,根据相关规划、标准和国内外类似先进区域的发展目标,确定了2012年的目标值.最后,分析指标现阶段存在差距,并提出积极推进崇明生态岛建设的生态环境保护建议,为政府决策提供依据.     

盐沼植物对沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响

通过2007年8月~2008年5月对长江口崇明东滩中部潮间带4个不同植被带沉积物间隙水营养盐进行季节观测来研究盐沼植物对沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响.结果表明,大型植物生长带间隙水的NH4+-N、PO43--P浓度低于光滩,尤其是夏、秋两季NH4+-N的浓度比光滩低1个数量级以上.在植物生长季节,间隙水各种营养盐含量要明显高于冬季,且植物生物量与间隙水氮、磷有明显的相关关系.氮盐受植物的影响最明显,NH4+-N在互花米草与芦苇带分别是44.21、74.38μmol.L-1,明显低于光滩与海三棱草带(分别是340.14、291.87μmol.L-1);NOx--N的浓度比NH4+-N低1~2个数量级,但以芦苇带最高(5.94μmol.L-1).沉积物-水界面分子扩散通量结果表明,潮滩沉积物是上覆水中SiO32--Si、NH4+-N、PO43--P的源,NOx--N(NO3--N、NO2--N的总和)的汇,其中NOx--N从上覆水向沉积物的扩散通量[16.23μmol.(m2.h)-1]大于NH4+-N从沉积物向上覆水的扩散通量[15.53μmol.(m2.h)-1].植物的生长还通过影响沉积物-水界面的物质交换与间隙水中营养盐比值及其与上覆水间营养盐比值,对毗邻富营养化河口生态系统营养盐结构起到调节作用.     

浅谈黑瞎子岛开放开发初期的生态环境保护措施

黑瞎子岛位于中俄边界抚远县境内,原始生态环境良好,自然资源丰富,泡沼星罗棋布。为了在开发中保护岛内自然生态景观和湿地生态功能,应科学划分保护区范围、明确土地权属界限、建立生态补偿机制。     

基于3S技术的琅岐岛景观空间格局分析

以景观生态学理论为基础,选取2006年和2010年覆盖琅岐岛的遥感影像,利用3S技术,提取研究区两个时期的景观类型。然后选取斑块大小、斑块数量、斑块密度、面积加权平均形状指数和香农多样性指数等景观生态指标,从景观的基本构成、景观水平的破碎化与多样性、不同景观斑块的空间格局特征等方面分析琅岐岛的景观格局,并提出对研究区合理规划土地开发利用的建议。     

海南国际旅游岛旅游水环境现状调查与分析

界定了旅游水环境的概念,采用资料调查、咨询访问和个别现场调查等方法,对海南省旅游水环境进行了调查与分析。结果表明,海南省1989年至2008年旅游业的用水量占全省生活用水量的比例都很小,对海南水资源总量的影响也很小,2008年三亚市、海口市和万宁市三个城市的旅游业用水量之和占到全省旅游业总用水量的79.9%;海南省河流、水库、海域和地下水环境质量总体优良,仅有少量监测出现超标现象;在旅游水环境重点保护对象中,海南中部山区河流源头水、主要滨海旅游区近岸海域、三大河流和两大水库等水体水质均为优良,城镇、乡镇集中式生活饮用水水源地和城市河段大多数水体水质满足环境功能要求,有少量水体水质超标。河流、水库和个别城镇集中式生活饮用水水源地水质超标主要是农业面源污染和生活污水的污染。乡镇集中式生活饮用水水源地水质超标的主要原因是受海水、生活污水、生活垃圾、分散式畜禽养殖污水等的渗透污染和土壤中铁、猛背景值含量较高所致。