Stainless steel corrosion scale formed in reclaimed water: Characteristics, model for scale growth and metal element release

Stainless steels generally have extremely good corrosion resistance, but are still susceptible to pitting corrosion. As a result, corrosion scales can form on the surface of stainless steel after extended exposure to aggressive aqueous environments. Corrosion scales play an important role in affecting water quality. These research results showed that interior regions of stainless steel corrosion scales have a high percentage of chromium phases. We reveal the morphology, micro-structure and physicochemical characteristics of stainless steel corrosion scales. Stainless steel corrosion scale is identified as a podiform chromite deposit according to these characteristics, which is unlike deposit formed during iron corrosion. A conceptual model to explain the formation and growth of stainless steel corrosion scale is proposed based on its composition and structure. The scale growth process involves pitting corrosion on the stainless steel surface and the consecutive generation and homogeneous deposition of corrosion products, which is governed by a series of chemical and electrochemical reactions. This model shows the role of corrosion scales in the mechanism of iron and chromium release from pitting corroded stainless steel materials. The formation of corrosion scale is strongly related to water quality parameters. The presence of HClO results in higher ferric content inside the scales. Cl⁻ and SO₄^2 − ions in reclaimed water play an important role in corrosion pitting of stainless steel and promote the formation of scales.     

在过量锰存在下,二安替比林苯乙烯甲烷光度法测定人发中痕量铬(Ⅵ)

本文研究了在过量锰存在下,铬(Ⅵ)与二安替比林苯乙烯甲烷及吐温-80的显色反应条件,结果表明:在磷酸介质中,反应生成的紫色络合物在546um处有最大吸收,摩尔吸光系数为4.55×10~5,比尔定律范围是0～0.8μgCr(Ⅵ)/25ml,该体系可用于人发中痕量铬的测定.     

Ageing of chromium(III)-bearing slag and its relation to the atmospheric oxidation of solid chromium(III)-oxide in the presence of calcium oxide

Slag arising in ferrochromium and stainless steel production is known to contain residual levels of trivalent chromium. As the chromium is normally bound in the slag matrix in various silicate or spinel phases, and hence not easily mobilised, utilisation or controlled disposal of such slag is generally considered unproblematic. Experimental test work with a number of slag materials indicates, however, that very gradual oxidation of trivalent to hexavalent chromium does occur when the slag is exposed to atmospheric oxygen, rendering a quantifiable but small portion of chromium in this much more mobile and toxic form. Mechanisms and rates of the oxidation reaction were investigated in a number of long-term studies using both original slag materials and artificial mixes of chromium and calcium oxides. Powders of these materials, some of them rolled into balls, were left to age under different conditions for periods of up to 12 months. In the slag samples, which contained between 1 and 3 wt.% chromium, 1000–10 000 μg Cr(VI) were found per gram of chromium within 6–9 months of exposure to an ambient atmosphere. The rate of the oxidation reaction decreased exponentially, and the reaction could generally be said to have ceased within 12 months. In mixtures of calcium and chromium oxides the oxidation reaction is presumed to occur at the boundaries between chromium oxide and calcium oxide phases through diffusion of oxygen along the grain boundaries and of Cr³⁺ across the boundaries, resulting in the formation of calcium chromate. In the slags, where calcium and chromium oxide can form a solid solution, the oxidation is likely to occur at the exposed surface of grains containing this solution.     

粉煤灰电石渣用作金属废渣和酸性铬污泥的稳定/固化剂的试验研究

粉煤灰、电石渣与水泥存在着某些相似的理化性质 ,研究它们对金属废物和酸性铬污泥的稳定 /固化作用 ,实现以废治废将具有重要意义。本文通过试验研究证实了粉煤灰和电石渣对金属废渣有良好的稳定 /固化作用 ;对酸性铬污泥 ,电石渣有很好的稳定 /固化作用 ,二者完全可以替代水泥用作金属废渣和酸性铬污泥的固化剂。     

DAoPM与铬（Ⅵ）显色反应的研究

在磷酸介质中，Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）存在下，ＤＡｏＰＭ和铬（Ⅵ）反应生成橙色物，λｍａｘ＝４８０ｎｍ、ε＝２．２５＊１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，铬（Ⅵ）含量在０－５μｇ／２５ｍＬ内符合比尔定律，方法用于水样中铬（Ⅵ）的测定，结果满意。     

含铬废渣的综合利用途径研究

铬渣的综合治理对保护生态环境具有重要意义，本文从铬渣的污染方式和解毒机理出发，分析了铬渣的综合处理方法，并针对我国菱美矿资源丰富的特点，提出用铬渣与轻烧氧化镁合成有实用价值的高级镁质耐火材料，该工艺具有处理铬渣能力大，解毒效果好、工艺操作简单的特点。     

分光光度法同时测定废水中的Cr^6＋和Cr^3＋

本文介绍了在盐酸和硫酸介质中，蒸馏分离Cr^6 ，碘化钾溶液吸收，分光光度法测Cr^6 ；Cr^3 用高氯酸氧化后，以同样方法测定。最大吸收波长为590nm，表观摩尔吸光系数e为6．1×10^4。     

铬渣的无害化处理及在建材工业上的应用

铬渣产生量大，毒性强，严重污染环境危害人体健康。本文介绍了铬渣各种无害化处理方法的解毒机理和实践应用，在无害化处理的基础上，阐述了铬渣在建材工业上的应用，并就铬渣的污染防治提出了建议。     

亚铁盐预还原技术在铬渣固化/稳定化中的应用

研究了加与不加还原剂，还原剂种类，还原剂加料方式，还原剂加入量对铬渣固化体浸出毒性的影响。研究结果表明：硫酸亚铁预还原后得到的铬渣固化体浸出毒性比没有预还原处理的固化体浸出毒性要降低60％以上；用硫酸亚铁的效果与用硫酸亚铁胺的效果相差不大，且前者价格便宜，使用中不会造成二次污染；硫酸亚铁的加料方式对处理效果影响很大，适宜的加料方式是硫酸亚铁先配成水溶液后与铬渣进行搅拌，可以增大还原反应进行的程度；硫酸亚铁的加入量为理论计算值的125％为宜。     

Chromium transformation driven by iron redox cycling in basalt-derived paddy soil with high geological background values

The flooding and drainage of paddy fields has great effects on the transformation of heavy metals, however, the transformation of Cr in basalt-derived paddy soil with high geological background values was less recognized. The typical basalt-derived paddy soil was incubated under alternating redox conditions. The Cr fractions and the dynamics of Fe/N/S/C were examined. The HCl-extractable Cr increased under anaerobic condition and then decreased during aerobic stage. The UV-vis spectra of the supernatant showed that amounts of colloids were released under anaerobic condition, and then re-aggregated during aerobic phase. The scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that Fe oxides were reduced and became dispersed during anaerobic stage, whereas Fe(II) was oxidized and recrystallized under aerobic condition. Based on these results, a kinetic model was established to further distinguish the relationship between the transformation of Cr and Fe. During anaerobic phase, the reduction of Fe(III) oxides not only directly released the structurally bound Cr, but also enhanced the breakdown of soil aggregation and dissolution of organic matter causing indirect mobilization of Cr. During aerobic phase, the oxidation of Fe(II) and further recrystallization of newly formed Fe(III) oxides might induce the re-aggregation of soil colloids and further incorporation of Cr. In addition, the kinetic model of Cr and Fe transformation was further verified in the pot experiment. The model-based findings demonstrated that the Cr transformation in the basalt-derived paddy soil with high geological background values was highly driven by redox sensitive iron cycling.