Field-scale leaching of arsenic, chromium and copper from weathered treated wood

Earlier studies documented the loss of wood preservatives from new wood. The objective of this study was to evaluate losses from weathered treated wood under field conditions by collecting rainfall leachate from 5 different wood types, all with a surface area of 0.21 m². Wood samples included weathered chromate copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood at low (2.7 kg/m³), medium (4.8 kg/m³) and high (35.4 kg/m³) retention levels, new alkaline copper quat (ACQ) treated wood (1.1 kg/m³ as CuO) and new untreated wood. Arsenic was found to leach at a higher rate (100 mg in 1 year for low retention) than chromium and copper (<40 mg) in all CCA-treated wood samples. Copper leached at the highest rate from the ACQ sample (670 mg). Overall results suggest that metals' leaching is a continuous process driven by rainfall, and that the mechanism of release from the wood matrix changes as wood weathers.     

Influences of redox transformation, metal complexation and aggregation of fulvic acid and humic acid on Cr(VI) and As(V) removal by zero-valent iron

This study investigated the removal kinetics and mechanisms of Cr(VI) and As(V) by Fe(0) in the presence of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) by means of batch experiments. The focus was on the involvements of FA and HA in redox reactions, metal complexation, and iron corrosion product aggregation in the removal of Cr(VI) and As(V) removal by Fe(0). Synthetic groundwater was used as the background electrolyte to simulate typical groundwater. The results showed faster Cr(VI) removal in the presence of HA compared to FA. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that no redox reaction occurred in the FA and HA. The results of the speciation modeling indicate that the free Fe(II) concentration was higher in the presence of HA, resulting in a higher removal rate of Cr(VI). However, the removal of As(V) was inhibited in the HA solution. Speciation modeling showed that the concentration of dissolved metal-natural organic matter (metal-NOM) complexes significantly affected the aggregation of the iron corrosion products which in turn affected the removal of As(V). The aggregation was found to be induced by gel-bridging of metal-NOM with the iron corrosion products. The effects of metal-NOM on the aggregation of the iron corrosion products were further confirmed by TEM studies. Larger sizes of iron corrosion products were formed in the FA solution compared to HA solution. This study can shed light on understanding the relationships between the properties of NOM (especially the content of metal-binding sites) and the removal of Cr(VI) and As(V) by Fe(0).     

Remediation of Cr(VI) from chromium slag by biocementation

Here we demonstrate a calcifying ureolytic bacterium Bacillus sp. CS8 for the bioremediation of chromate (Cr(VI)) from chromium slag based on microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP). A consolidated structure like bricks was prepared from chromium slags using bacterial cells, and five stage Cr(VI) sequential extraction was carried out to know their distribution pattern. Cr(VI) mobility was found to significantly be decreased in the exchangeable fraction of Cr slag and subsequently, the Cr(VI) concentration was markedly increased in carbonated fraction after bioremediation. It was found that such Cr slag bricks developed high compressive strength with low permeability. Further, leaching behavior of Cr(VI) in the Cr slag was studied by column tests and remarkable decrease in Cr(VI) concentration was noticed after bioremediation. Cr slags from columns were characterized by SEM–EDS confirming MICP process in bioremediation. The incorporation of Cr(VI) into the calcite surface forms a strong complex that leads to obstruction in Cr(VI) release into the environment. As China is facing chromium slag accidents at the regular time intervals, the technology discussed in the present study promises to provide effective and economical treatment of such sites across the country, however, it can be used globally.     

Effect of citric acid and EDTA on chromium and nickel uptake and translocation by Datura innoxia

EDTA and citric acid were tested to solubilize metals and enhance their uptake by Datura innoxia, chosen because of its ability to accumulate and tolerate metals. Two application modes were used on an industrial soil contaminated mainly by Cr and Ni. The results showed that citric acid was the most effective at increasing the uptake of Cr and EDTA for Ni. These results are consistent with the effectiveness of both chelants in solubilizing metals from the soil. The translocation factor (TF) of Ni was 1.6- and 6.7-fold higher than the control, respectively, for one and two applications of 1mmolkg(-1) EDTA. After two applications of 5 and 10mmolkg(-1) citric acid, the TF of Cr increased 2- and 3.5-fold relative to the control. Whatever the concentration, the application of EDTA modified the plant physiology significantly. For citric acid this was only observed with the highest dose (10mmolkg(-1)).     

Relationship between chromium(VI) resistance and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration by some cyanobacterial isolates

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Chromium(VI) resistance and its association with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration in cyanobacteria was investigated. Increased EPS concentration was associated with Cr(VI) resistance. The most resistant isolate, Chroococcus sp. H(4), secreted the most EPS (427 mg/L). MATERIALS AND METHODS: EPS concentration of the two most resistant isolates (Chroococcus sp. H(4) and Synechocystis sp. S(63)) was investigated following exposure to 15 and 35 ppm Cr(VI). The composition of EPS produced by Chroococcus sp. H(4) following exposure to 10 ppm Cr(VI) was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Control EPS was composed of glucose (99%) and galactronic acid (1%); in the presence of 10 ppm Cr(VI), EPS composition changed to glucose (9%), xylose (75%), rhamnose (14%), and galacturonic acid (2%). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results indicated that (1) exposure to elevated concentrations of Cr(VI) affected the composition of EPS produced by Chroococcus sp. H(4), and (2) there was a correlation between Cr(VI) resistance and EPS concentration in some cyanobacteria.     

酵母菌对Cr(Ⅵ)的生物吸附作用

研究了啤酒酵母对 Cr( )的吸附作用。当 p H=2时吸附效果最好 ,振荡 30 min吸附基本可达平衡。常见离子Na+、Ca2 +、Mg2 +、Cl-等对吸附影响不大。在一定浓度范围酵母菌对 Cr( )的吸附符合 Freundlich和 Langmuin等温吸附模型。随酵母菌和 Cr( )接触时间的增加 ,Cr( )被还原为 Cr( )。     

铬的分离与富集

介绍了铬的主要分离与富集方法，论述了各种方法的反应条件及其测定范围、检测限、干扰情况及应用。     

含铬(Ⅵ)废物堆放场所土壤/地下水的污染特点及土著微生物的初步生物解毒实验研究

通过分析含铬 (Ⅵ )废物堆放场所引起的土壤 /地下水污染特点 ,说明含铬 (Ⅵ )废物污染的潜在与长期危害不容忽视。在污染土壤中进行土著微生物的筛选与初步应用实验 ,其中的土著真菌具有较强的还原能力 ,仅用 2 3d就使铬渣浸出液的六价铬浓度从 115 1.2 /mg·L-1下降到 10 .9/mg·L-1,具有良好的生物解毒作用 ,为含铬 (Ⅵ )废物的处置及污染土壤的修复开辟了一条新途径     

红壤对铬(VI)吸附特性的研究

通过云南三类红壤对Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）吸附行为的研究。结果表明，红壤对Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）有明显的吸附作用，等温吸附曲线可以用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程、Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程和Ｔｅｍｋｉｎ方程描述。最大吸附量为红壤＞赤红壤＞砖红壤。酸度、温度和有机质对红壤吸附Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）均有影响。低ｐＨ值时吸附量随ｐＨ值升高略有增加，ｐＨ值超过某一限度，吸附量急剧下降，直至基本不吸附；温度低于４０℃时，吸附量随温度升高而减少，但温度高于４０℃时，吸附量不再减少；随有机质加入量的增加，吸附量减少，其相关性红壤和赤红壤达显著水准，砖红壤达极显著水准。     

铬渣与生活垃圾混合堆置时Cr^6＋的迁移转化规律

以实验室模拟试验探讨含Cr~(6+)的铬渣与生活垃圾、建筑弃料混合堆置时,Cr~(6+)的迁移转化规律。试验结果表明,铬渣与生活垃圾或建筑弃料进行混合堆置时,生活垃圾和建筑弃料均具有截留Cr~(6+)的能力。而生活垃圾的截留能力强于建筑弃料;生活垃圾等废弃物对Cr~(6+)还原、吸附后,转化为难以再溶出的结合态铬,吸附态铬所占比例<1.0％。