Mass-transfer processes of chromium(VI) adsorption onto guava seeds

The chromium(VI) biosorption onto guava seeds, as an alternative method for Cr⁶⁺ removal from aqueous solutions, was investigated. The parameters affecting kinetics and equilibrium of Cr⁶⁺ adsorption onto guava seeds were studied. An external mass-transfer diffusion coefficient k and intra-particle diffusion coefficient k_i were determined to measure the rate-limiting step of adsorption. A single external mass-transfer diffusion model and intra-particle diffusion models were used. The effects of initial pH, sorbent mass, and initial Cr⁶⁺ concentrations on mass-transfer coefficients were investigated. The external mass-transfer coefficient has an average value of 7.2×10^-3 cm s^-1, while the intra-particle mass-transfer diffusion coefficient was 0.34 mg g^-1 min^-0.5. This indicates that external diffusion to the guava seeds surface and intra-particle diffusion are both involved in the sorption process. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models with an average correlation coefficient R²=0.98. The maximum removal of Cr⁶⁺ was obtained at pH 1 (about 100% for adsorbent dose of 15 g l^-1 and 25 mg l^-1 initial concentration of Cr⁶⁺). The results indicated that the guava seeds exhibit acceptable sorption capacity.     

Removal of toxic chromium(VI) from aqueous solution by activated carbon using Casuarina equisetifolia

Highly activated carbon from the seed husk of Casuarina Casuarinas equisetifolia, a worldwide famous plant, have been prepared and tested for the removal of toxic Cr(VI) from its aqueous solution. The adsorbent was investigated for influences of initial chromium concentration (75, 100, 125, and 150 mg l^-1), pH, contact time, and quantity of carbon on removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution at room temperature (25±2 °C). The adsorption kinetic of Cr(VI) was studied, and the rates of sorption were found to conform to pseudo-second-order kinetics with a good correlation (R²≥0.99). The Langmuir and Freundlich models fit the isotherm data well. Furthermore, the Gibbs free energy was obtained for each system and was found to be-5.29 kJ mol^-1 for removal of Cr(IV). The negative value of Δ G° indicates the feasibility and spontaneous nature of adsorption. The results indicate that acidic pH (1.05) supported the adsorption of Cr(IV) on activated carbon. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) on activated carbon was about 172.4 mg g^-1 at pH 1.05.     

不溶性腐殖酸对六价铬离子的吸附研究

研究了不溶性腐殖酸（IHA）对六价铬（Cr（Ⅵ））的吸附作用及反应接触时间、pH、IHA投加量、温度等对吸附作用的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。实验表明,在反应接触时间60min、酸性pH7左右的水溶液条件下,IHA对Cr（Ⅵ）去除率可达98%。绘制了IHA对Cr（Ⅵ）的反应动力学曲线和吸附等温线。     

土著微生物修复Cr（Ⅵ）污染土壤还原后有效铬分析及其稳定性的初步实验研究

通过铬（Ⅵ）污染土壤中筛选出的土著微生物对六价铬污染土壤的还原实验结果,对还原前后土壤中有效铬的含量进行了分析,并对还原后土壤进行了不同条件下的暴露,检测了土样中六价铬浸出毒性,结果表明,经过土著微生物还原后的土壤中,水溶性态铬与可交换态铬都得到了显著的降低,而且土壤浸出液中的六价铬也在不断地降低,说明微生物对六价铬的还原不仅能显著降低其毒性,而且还原产物还具有一定的稳定性。     

典型场地铬(Ⅵ)迁移路径分析及耐铬植物初步筛选

通过对典型铬渣堆存场地铬(Ⅵ)迁移路径分析,说明对含铬(Ⅵ)废物/土壤的处置/修复,阻止铬(Ⅵ)进一步扩散迁移已成为保护地下水资源的当务之急.在实验中初步筛选出高羊茅、芦苇、马特、蓖麻4种耐铬植物,其生长发育受铬(Ⅵ)影响较小,且与微生物协同作用还可有效还原土壤中铬(Ⅵ),为控制铬(Ⅵ)污染场地土壤、地下水污染与大气扬...     

铬、砷离子吸附剂的制备及其吸附性能的研究

通过对沸石的改性,在沸石表面形成了一层纳米态的二氧化锰,而纳米态的二氧化锰及沸石都对水中重金属有强烈的吸附性能,从而达到对铬、砷离子的吸附作用。通过沸石与二氧化锰的配比、吸附溶液的pH值、吸附时间、改性沸石的用量对其去除效果的影响,探讨了吸附作用机理。通过吸附测定,改性沸石的最佳配比沸石：MnO2为2：1;改性沸石对As（III）的最佳吸附pH和时间为5.0和30 min;对Cr（VI）的最佳吸附pH和时间为7.0和30 min的条件下吸附效果最佳。     

PRB修复铬污染地下水反应介质研究进展

传统的抽出处理技术治理铬污染地下水时,耗时长、效率低、投资与成本高,限制了其广泛应用,近年来兴起的PRB技术很好地解决了这一问题。PRB技术的关键在于反应介质的研究,活性炭、沸石、铁屑等具有较好的除铬性能,但选择性差、易堵塞,混合反应介质可以克服其缺点。同时,对反应介质的研究大多处于实验室阶段,应加强其工程应用研究。     

Deep-sea caging of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: Potential application in ecotoxicological studies

We experimented with caging the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) at various depths for 69 d to measure basic physiological parameters, histological response and bio-accumulation of contaminants in a deep-sea contaminated area. In preliminary experiments, we demonstrated, under artificial pressure conditions, the ability of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis to tolerate rapid immersion (at a speed of up to 120 m min^?1). In situ experiments were performed using submerged lines enabling mussels to be maintained at depths ranging of 40–1550 m with survival rates ranging from 80 to 38%, respectively. No significant differences in condition indexes were observed between treated and control specimens. However, histological observations demonstrated a clear reduction in thickness of the digestive epithelium with increasing depth exposure. By determining the contaminants in caged mussels, we found the following values for chromium accumulation: 27.4 μg g^?1 dry weight at 580 m depth and 9.8 μg g^?1 dry weight at 1550 m. Selected stations were located downstream of an industrial effluent at 420 m. The biological and environmental consequences of deep-sea contamination demonstrate the suitability of caged mussels for monitoring contaminant accumulation.     

Chromium speciation in the blood of metal-on-metal hip implant patients

The objective of this study was to determine the valence state of chromium (Cr) in the blood of individuals with Cr-containing metal hip implants. Serum and red blood cell (RBC) Cr concentrations from 52 patients with Cr-containing total hip arthroplasties were measured preoperatively and at 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Geometric mean and median pre-surgery serum Cr concentrations were consistently below 0.2 µg/L, while geometric mean and median pre-op RBC Cr concentrations were typically about four- to six-fold higher than the serum values. A significant 5- to 13-fold increase was found in the mean and median serum Cr concentrations three months post-surgery, with an 8- to 18-fold rise at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Steady-state serum concentrations were reached between 3 and 12 months. In contrast, there were no marked differences in mean and median RBC Cr concentrations pre- and post-surgery. Slope regression analysis for our data was similar to those reported for Cr(III) in spiked blood samples. The analysis showed that Cr released from hip implants preferentially distributed into serum and not RBC, indicating that the form of Cr present in blood of hip implant patients was in the form of non-toxic Cr(III). Our findings indicate that blood Cr concentrations Cr(III) associated with metal implants do not pose an adverse health risk to patients, which is in agreement with findings published by most investigators.     

RH大孔吸附树脂处理炼油厂碱渣废水的研究

在研究ＲＨ大孔吸附树脂吸附和解吸性能的基础上，以ＲＨ树脂处理炼油厂的碱渣进行了试验。结果表明，ＲＨ树脂可用于碱渣脱酚，在一定条件下，树脂的吸酚量可达１３０ｍｇ／ｍｌ，吸附饱和后的树脂，解吸后可重复使用，碱渣中的硫不会树脂中毒而降低吸酚量。