Evaluating Experience with Renewables Portfolio Standards in the United States

Increased use of renewable energy is one of several promising methods for reducing emissions of local, regional, and global air pollutants, including greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil-fuel based electricity production. Among the available options for encouraging renewable electricity generation, the renewables portfolio standard (RPS) has become especially popular in recent years. The RPS is a newly established policy mechanism, however, and experience with its use has not been widely documented and evaluated. This paper describes and evaluates the design, impacts, and early experience of 13 U.S. state RPS policies. These 13 policies share a common goal of encouraging renewable energy supply, but each specific RPS is designed differently. Our evaluation shows both successes and failures with this policy mechanism; some state RPS policies are positively impacting renewable energy development, while others have been poorly designed and will do little to advance renewable energy markets.We emphasize the importance of policy design details, and specifically highlight critical design pitfalls that have been commonly experienced. Though experience with the RPS is still limited, we have now gained some knowledge of the conditions and design features necessary to make an RPS policy work. An important objective of this article is therefore to identify and describe broad policy design principles and specific best practice design elements that might be used to guide the design of future renewables portfolio standards.     

城市火险天气等级多因子综合预报法

在“城市火灾中关键气象因子的诊断分析”的基础上,通过权重系数法四季城市火灾率多因子综合预报法,     

Prediction Intervals for Estimates of Site Index Based on Ecosystem Type

/ British Columbia has an ecosystem classification system that classifies sites into site series. Foresters commonly measure the productivity of these sites by their site index. In British Columbia, site index is defined as the height of a stand at breast height age 50 and is usually estimated from height-age models. Biogeoclimatic site series/site index relationships are an increasingly popular method of estimating site index in British Columbia for stands where site index cannot be reliably estimated with height-age models. The precision of the predicted site index from these relationships can be evaluated with prediction intervals. This is done for the predicted site index of a single site, a group of sites, or the areally weighted site index of a group of sites. The methodology is also useful in determining the number of sites required to meet a specified precision. These prediction intervals will assist foresters in making sound forest management decisions.KEY WORDS: Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification; Precision; Prediction interval; Site index; Site series     

日本大气和水污染物排放标准探析

较详细地介绍了日本大气和水污染物排放标准的有关内容。在探讨日本大气和水污染物控制策略与法律的基础上,系统分析了相应的标准体系,归纳了日本推行、实施大气和水污染物排放标准的特点与经验。尽管中日两国存在体制与国情方面的差异,但日本污染物排放标准的一些特点仍值得借鉴。特别是各个击破,在不同阶段重点控制主要污染物的策略;发挥地方政府在排放标准制定、实施方面的作用;实施总量控制的成功经验等,对研究并改进中国的排放标准体系,均有一定的启示作用。     

我国水污染物排放标准体系调整的比较探讨

从我国水污染物排放标准现状出发，分析其结构特点，剖析了现行排放标准执行过程中的若干问题，并与美国水污染物排放标准体系进行比较，提出适应我国21世纪环境管理需要的水污染物排放标准体系调整的基本设想。主要包括：水污染物排放标准建立在经济可行的技术基础上，脱离与功能区对应的关系，采用吨产品排放限值，缩小综合排放标准扩大行业排放标准，逐步按工艺、产品种类制定排放标准。     

生命周期环境影响类型分类体系研究

环境影响类型是生命周期影响评价中重要的一个步，其分类国际上目前尚未达成共识文章分析了环境干扰因子与环境影响类型之间的关系，确定了影响类型分类的原则和步骤，通过对ＥＰＡ、ＳＥＴＣＡ方案的比较，提出了３＊３方案，从全球，区域和局地３个层次，波及环境污染，资源消耗和人体职业健康３方面的影响体系框架，并提出了其６项量化表征指标。     

废水治理工程设计参数标准的讨论

按照国家废水排放标准设计，建立的污水处理工程出水往不能达标，主要原因何在？运用系统可靠性理论分析可以看出，设计参数的选择对其有重要影响。要使工程出水到废水排放标准，设计参数的选择应严于标准。     

“影子地块”及其在林地评估中的应用——以温州茶山森林公园为例

“影子地块”与标准宗地不同,它不是具体的地块,是“虚拟”的,是某一级(或某一块)土地性质的“平均”和抽象。通过影子地块在茶山森林公园经济林林地评估中应用的实例分析,解决了土地立地条件差异明显、均质性差而带来的评估技术上的难题。     

关于实验室仪器设备（标准物质）管理

文中依据《检测和校准实验室能力认可准则（ISO／IEC17025：2005）》和《实验室资质认定评审准则》的要求，从仪器设备的购入、检定，校准、日常使用维护管理、报废等环节，结合本单位仪器设备实际管理经验，论述了如何进行实验室仪器设备的管理。     

论“谁来养活中国”

本文从人口、耕地、单产潜力、消费水平等方面讨论和分析了“谁来养活中国”一文中提到的主要观点和结论,并提出了通过这些讨论和分析应该得到的有益启示。认为应唤起我们对发展农业的紧迫感与危机感,并采取切实措施,唯有如此,我们才能养活自己,我国的经济才能持续稳定发展。