改进抽油机井“功率平衡”测试实现节能降耗

目前在抽油机井管理中普遍采用的平衡标准是"电流平衡",并认定电流平衡度在80%～120%之间时抽油机即为平衡。而真正判断抽油机平衡的标准是"功率平衡",即抽油机运行过程中,下冲程内电机平均功率与上冲程内电机平均功率相等。抽油机功率平衡既能实现节能目的,又能保证抽油机安全运行。从2008年7月开始率先在胜利油田进行抽油机功率平衡技术的试验及推广,2008年共调整抽油机功率平衡118井次,平均单日节电21.4kW.h,平均节电率9.90%,取得了良好的节能效果。     

Formaldehyde in China: Production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects

Formaldehyde, an economically important chemical, is classified as a human carcinogen that causes nasopharyngeal cancer and probably leukemia. As China is the largest producer and consumer of formaldehyde in the world, the Chinese population is potentially at increased risk for cancer and other associated health effects. In this paper we review formaldehyde production, consumption, exposure, and health effects in China. We collected and analyzed over 200 Chinese and English documents from scientific journals, selected newspapers, government publications, and websites pertaining to formaldehyde and its subsequent health effects.Over the last 20 years, China's formaldehyde industry has experienced unprecedented growth, and now produces and consumes one-third of the world's formaldehyde. More than 65% of the Chinese formaldehyde output is used to produce resins mainly found in wood products — the major source of indoor pollution in China. Although the Chinese government has issued a series of standards to regulate formaldehyde exposure, concentrations in homes, office buildings, workshops, public places, and food often exceed the national standards. In addition, there have been numerous reports of formaldehyde-induced health problems, including poisoning and cancer. The lack of quality epidemiological studies and basic data on exposed populations emphasizes the need for more extensive studies on formaldehyde and its related health effects in China.     

两种干旱指标在干旱致灾因子危险性中的对比分析——以宁夏为例

致灾因子是灾害风险分析理论体系中的重要组成部分,干旱致灾因子危险性指数由干旱强度和发生概率共同决定。基于致灾因子危险性指数计算模式,对比分析了宁夏中南部山区降水距平百分率和标准化降水指数两种常用干旱指标在致灾因子危险性中的应用。分析结果表明,基于两种干旱指标的宁夏中南部山区干旱致灾因子危险性分布趋势一致,且均与实际相符,考虑到计算的简单易行,可以选择降水距平百分率作为宁夏干旱致灾因子危险性指数分析的依据。从全区干旱灾害风险区划的分析表明,宁夏干旱致灾因子危险性大致呈由南到北逐步增加的趋势。     

我国气象灾害减灾救灾标准体系完备性研究

在全球变暖的背景下,气象灾害发生的频次增多且造成的影响不断加重,气象灾害的管理已成为国家公共安全管理的重要内容,气象灾害标准体系建设的完备性,对于气象灾害管理有着十分重要的意义。按照气象灾害标准体系框架,搜集国家气象相关权威部门标准委员会门户网站公布的气象灾害相关标准库,并分析了气象灾害减灾救灾标准体系在专业、门类和层次三个维度的完备性。最终指出了气象灾害减灾救灾标准体系存在的不足,进而给出了减灾救灾标准体系建设的政策建议。     

In vivo and in vitro metabolism of tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica

Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for human health, and many studies were conducted to investigate its adverse effects on humans and other mammals. However, since large amounts of cigarette products are produced and consumed, it is possible that tobacco chemicals can end up in aquatic environments through several routes, thus influencing aquatic organisms. In this study, the presence of tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in aquatic environment was demonstrated. Since toxic effects on and distribution patterns of tobacco chemicals in aquatic organisms were rarely studied, after results of an acute toxicity pretest were obtained, experiment was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation pattern of NNK and distribution patterns of its metabolites, mainly 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), in NNK-treated freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies showed that NNK was readily converted to NNAL through the carbonyl reduction in bodies of NNK-treated planarians. Tissue concentrations of both chemicals increased in time- and dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, we examined the end products of NNK/NNAL α-hydroxylation in NNK-treated planarians, but only 1-(3-pyridyl)-1,4-butanediol was detected, suggesting that NNK metabolism in planarians partially differs from that in mammalian systems. This is the first report on NNK metabolism in an aquatic organism and can be used as a foundation for developing freshwater planarians as a new in vivo model for the study of NNK toxicology in the future.     

国内外造纸行业水污染排放标准比较研究

中国是造纸大国,制浆造纸在中国属于重污染行业。2008年国家发布的《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》对整个行业可能排放的污染物提出了要求。本文通过将该标准与国外造纸行业相关的水污染物排放标准进行比较研究,找出我国标准与国外的差别,并为完善我国造纸行业水污染物排放标准提出建议。     

Nature of the field-to-field distribution of pesticide residues

The supervised trial datasets (1950), consisting of a minimum of five residue values and selected by the experts of FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues for recommending maximum residue levels between 1997 and 2011, were evaluated to obtain information on the typical spread of residue values in individual datasets. The typical relative standard deviation, CV, of field-to-field variation of pesticide residues was about 80%. The spread of residues in datasets is independent from the chemical structure of pesticides, residue level, pre-harvest interval and number of values in the datasets. The CV ranges within the Codex commodity groups and between groups overlapped and their difference were not statistically significant. The number of residues below the limit of quantification (LOQ) affects the CV at various extents depending on the ratio of LOQ/R _mean. The combined uncertainty of the highest residue in a dataset significantly affects the CV of the dataset. The lowest and intermediate ones have less influence. The residues in different fields receiving the same treatment vary within large range: 55%, 72%, 78%, 86% and 89% of the 25,766 residues values were, respectively, within 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 times the median value of the corresponding dataset.     

关于CCUS技术发展与标准建设的思考

我国CCUS技术发展,迫切需要政策制度的积极引导和技术标准的强力支撑。阐述了我国发展CCUS技术的基本原则和相关政策;跟踪了国内外CCUS技术发展动态及其标准研究现状;重点分析了美国及欧盟在CCS相关政策、法规和标准方面的主要成果;依据我国CCUS发展规划和技术发展路线图,提出了我国CCUS技术发展与标准建设的相关建议。     

周期性浸泡腐蚀试验标准及相关设备分析

基于产品运输、使用环境的复杂性,单一环境因素模拟已不能满足产品测试需求。溶液浸泡腐蚀试验是一种常见的环境试验,目前,其试验形式除单一的溶液浸泡外,周期性浸泡腐蚀试验也逐步开展。对此,GB、TB、ISO、PSA、ASTM等相关标准给出了规定要求和试验方法,在此基础上为满足其要求相应的试验装置也逐步开始开发和应用。基于不同标准和现有试验设备对周期性浸泡腐蚀试验进行分析讨论,得出各个标准的不同适用范围和试验条件,并针对其原理共性提出开发通用性设备的展望,为浸泡腐蚀试验标准的选取及试验装置的开发提供参考意见。     

轨道交通电连接器国内环境试验标准分析

铁路作为国民经济大动脉、国家重要基础设施和大众化交通工具,在国民经济和社会生活中的作用至关重要。电连接器是铁路车辆设备的关键器件之一,有着很高的安全性和可靠性要求。着重分析了轨道交通电连接器标准中的电性能、机械性能和环境适应性的试验方法,并对这些标准进行了对比总结。经分析发现,更新版本的标准比被替换的标准增加了试验项目,细化了试验条件。然而,目前国内轨道交通电连接器的标准版本相对落后,仅GB/T 25022和GB/T 25023为2010年发布实施。亟需新的标准或试验方法以指导轨道交通电连接器的质量检测和认证。