深圳市环境空气质量达标研究

深圳市影响空气质量的污染物包括PM2．5、O3和NO2。运用CMAQ空气质量模型,对深圳市周边城市设置了4套达标情景并开展模拟评估。结果表明,要降低PM2．5浓度应以控制颗粒物一次排放为重点,在2012年基础上PM10和PM2．5分别减排45％和55％以上才可较好地实现大气污染防治目标。达标情景对O3污染的控制效果并不显著,可能与周边城市VOCs控制力度不足相关,要降低O3浓度,必须控制VOCs污染排放。     

安徽省畜禽粪便污染耕地、水体现状及其风险评价

以安徽省耕地、水体的环境保护为出发点,依据2001～2009年安徽省畜禽养殖数据,采用排泄系数法估算畜禽粪便量,在此基础上计算安徽省各地畜禽粪便耕地污染负荷及水体等标污染负荷指数,并对各地区畜禽粪便对耕地和水环境的污染现状进行风险评价.结果表明,2008～2009年安徽省平均产生0.67亿t粪便,畜禽粪便耕地污染负荷及纯N、纯P耕地负荷量平均值分别为16.2 t.hm-2、83.8 kg.hm-2和34.5 kg.hm-2;耕地污染指数为0.36,处于Ⅰ级预警级别范围;水环境等标污染负荷指数为7.03,各地区畜禽粪便对耕地和水环境污染存在较大差异.2008～2009年与2001～2002年相比污染状况有不同程度下降,但其中P素污染比例有上升的趋势;2008～2009年畜禽粪便对耕地、水体造成双重污染的地区为合肥、宿州、蚌埠,这些地区的环境问题应引起注意.     

长江流域生态补偿机制建设：框架与重点

建立流域生态补偿机制是解决长江流域生态环境问题、促进流域水生态环境资源资产增值、实施流域综合治理的长效政策手段。在借鉴全国跨界流域生态补偿机制实践经验的基础上,加快推进建立长江流域生态补偿机制是长江经济带实施生态优先战略的重要途径。本文分析了长江流域生态补偿机制建设面临的主要问题与挑战,提出了长江流域生态补偿机制建设的总体思路和框架,建议长江流域生态补偿机制建设重点处理好八大关系,本文可为长江流域可持续管理提供技术支撑。     

以回收利甩标准破解“垃圾围城”

生活垃圾处理已经成为各城市面临的难题。在已有研究基础上分析了城市垃圾分类收集存在的严重问题和影响居民实施垃圾分类的关键因素,概述了现有的垃圾分类收集标准和废弃产品回收利用标准内容,最后提出加强实施相关标准、促进垃圾分类收集的建议。     

四川省企业环境经济效益的分析评价

目前对于企业环境经济效益的分析评价,缺乏科学易行的方法。本文根据污染物排放量与经济效益间的关系,提出了单位等标污染负荷利税法,即每排放单位等标污染物所产生的年利税值。据此对四川省6个行业44家企业的环境经济效益进行了统计分析,并对其应用Excel模糊聚类进行了分级评价。结果表明:不同企业间单位等标污染负荷利税值存在多个数量级差异。造纸、纺织企业环境经济效益最差,体现了行业性弊病。制药、建材、机械电子行业企业环境经济效益整体较好,但仍有部分"粗放型"企业环境经济效益差。部分机械电子、化工企业依赖技术革新,环境经济效益优良。与定性分析评价方法相比,单位等标污染负荷利税法更能发现"高产值、高污染"下的误区,该法结合应用Excel模糊聚类分析,可简易、客观分析评价不同企业、行业甚至不同经济规模单元间的环境经济效益。     

区域集镇基准地价体系建立研究

以江苏六合县为例,对区域集镇基准地价体系建立方法进行了探讨。研究结果表明,先对集镇土地进行分等,然后以分等结果为控制对级差收益和市场交易地价进行对比和综合,是建立区域集镇基准地价体系的有效途径     

黄土高原沟壑区沙棘人工混交林改土效应研究

为了解沙棘人工混交林的改土效应,实验采用国家标准森林分析方法进行研究,结果表明:沙棘人工混交林增强了土壤稳定性,改善了土壤理化性质,具有良好的改土效应。土壤的水稳性团聚体比油松纯林提高了20.8%,而表征土壤团聚体稳定程度的破坏率却比油松纯林低40.76%;土壤容重和坚实度分别较油松林低5.9%和15.1%,孔隙度和通气度分别高12.16%和16.9%,持水量和含水量高13.6%和5.9%;有机质、全N、P2O5、速效P、速效K较油松纯林分别增长了10.5%、22.6%、20.2%、25.4%和12.6%;林内蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶分别比纯林平均提高了17.5%、89.6%、2.9%、39.1%;沙棘-油松混交林改土效果优于沙棘-侧柏混交林;随着林龄增加,改土效果越佳。     

重金属捕集剂对水中微量Hg(Ⅱ)的处理研究

针对含汞废水采用常规处理难以达标的问题,选用二硫代氨基甲酸盐类(DTCR-2)、2,4,6-三硫醇基钠硫代三嗪(TMT-18B)、硫化钠(Na2S)和氢氧化钙[Ca(OH)2]作为重金属捕集剂,对水中微量Hg2+进行深度处理研究.通过处理效果的对比,最终选用DTCR-2作为Hg2+最理想的捕集剂,重点考察了pH值、DTCR-2投加量、反应时间、Hg2+初始浓度及其他重金属离子等因素对Hg2+去除效果的影响.结果表明,在Hg2+初始浓度为100μg.L-1,pH为8.0,投加量1.0倍化学计量比,反应时间10 min时处理效果较好,Hg2+剩余浓度为41.36μg.L-1,低于国家排放标准中的限值(50μg.L-1).另外,Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+这3种重金属离子对DTCR-2去除Hg2+具有抑制作用,影响大小依次为Cu2+>Pb2+>Cd2+,而Zn2+具有促进作用.通过本研究,可以为DTCR-2处理低浓度含汞废水工艺设计提供理论支持.     

Recent development of a refined multiple air pollutant emission inventory of vehicles in the Central Plains of China

Central Plains region of China,represented by Henan Province,is facing serious air pollution problems.Vehicular exhaust emissions had adverse impacts on the atmospheric environment.The first comprehensive and novel vehicle emission inventory for Henan Province using vehicle kilometers traveled,localized emission factors,and activity data at city-level was developed.Furthermore,3 km×3 km gridded emission and temporal variations were determined by using localized information.Results show that the total emissions of sulfur dioxide(SO_2),nitrogen oxides(NOx),carbon monoxide(CO),particular matter with aerodynamic diameter10μm(PM_(10)),aerodynamic diameter2.5μm(PM_(2.5)),volatile organic compounds(VOCs),VOCs-evaporation and ammonia in 2015 were 9.1,533.4,1190.7,23.7,21.6,150.8,31.5 and 10.4 Gg,respectively,and the emission intensities of the above pollutants were 0.05,2.7,6.0,0.1,0.1,0.8,0.2 and 0.05 g/km,respectively.Vehicles meeting the Primary China 1,China 3 and China 4 contributed 89.1%,82.7%,75.3%,75.5%,75.5%,68.2%,68.4%and 82.3%for SO_2,NO_x,CO,PM_(10),PM_(2.5),VOCs,VOCs-evaporation and ammonia emissions,respectively.Zhengzhou,Zhoukou,Nanyang,Luoyang,Shangqiu and Xinyang showed relatively higher emissions and contributed more than 50%of each pollutant.The spatial distribution indicated obvious characteristics of the road network,and high-level emission was concentrated in the downtown areas.Additionally,the ozone formation potential(OFP)based on the estimated speciated VOC emissions was 569.6 Gg in Henan Province.Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were the main species of VOCs,whereas olefins contributed the largest proportion of OFP,with 42.2%.     

Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.