Cleaner production in the ammonia-soda industry: an ecological and economic study

Five methods to reduce the negative influence of soda ash factories on the natural environment are presented: 1. obtaining calcium-magnesium phosphates by treating the suspension from raw brine purification with orthophosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)), 2. production of precipitated chalk from soda processing waste, 3. production of gypsum and semi-brine, 4. desulphurisation of fume gases from the factory power plant, 5. utilization of distiller waste. The tests, accomplished on a laboratory scale, showed the high efficiency of these methods. Economic analysis has proved that only four out of the five presented processes can have a positive financial effect on soda ash factories, as well as being well justified economically. The value of two of the innovations presented is confirmed by their implementation in factories.     

INTERVENTION ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY RECORDS1

The impoundment of the Kootenai River by Libby Dam caused changes in discharge and water quality in the river downstream from Lake Koocanusa. The changes observed downsteam were largely attributable to the depth of withdrawal from the reservoir and the reservoir's ability to store and mix various influent water masses. The preimpoundment and postimpoundment time series of discharge and six water quality variables were autocorrelated and exhibited strong seasonality. Intervention analysis, a technique employing Box-Jenkins time series models, was used to quantify the nature and magnitude of the changes in water quality after the construction of Libby Dam. The models were developed with data from June 1967 through February 1981 and were able to satisfactorily forecast riverine conditions from March 1981 through January 1982.     

中国沿海开放地区工业污染控制的探讨

在环境保护工作由污染问题治现向清洁生产转变过程中，中国沿海开放地区、外资，合资、集体和个体企业在其工业结构中所占比重较大，且要求有良好投资环境，当前控制工业污染，须按社会主义市场经济规律征收资源费和排污费，同时要加强环境规划，建立环境管理系统，有效调工业污原杂源，为保证受损环境得以恢复，须加强环境建设和环境投资。     

Energy recovery from solid waste fuels using advanced gasification technology

Since the mid-1980s, TPS Termiska Processer AB has been working on the development of an atmospheric-pressure gasification process. A major aim at the start of this work was the generation of fuel gas from indigenous fuels to Sweden (i.e. biomass). As the economic climate changed and awareness of the damage to the environment caused by the use of fossil fuels in power generation equipment increased, the aim of the development work at TPS was changed to applying the process to heat and power generation from feedstocks such as biomass and solid wastes. Compared with modern waste incineration with heat recovery, the gasification process will permit an increase in electricity output of up to 50%. The gasification process being developed is based on an atmospheric-pressure circulating fluidised bed gasifier coupled to a tar-cracking vessel. The gas produced from this process is then cooled and cleaned in conventional equipment. The energy-rich gas produced is clean enough to be fired in a gas boiler (and, in the longer term, in an engine or gas turbine) without requiring extensive flue gas cleaning, as is normally required in conventional waste incineration plants. Producing clean fuel gas in this manner, which facilitates the use of efficient gas-fired boilers, means that overall plant electrical efficiencies of close to 30% can be achieved. TPS has performed a considerable amount of pilot plant testing on waste fuels in their gasification/gas cleaning pilot plant in Sweden. Two gasifiers of TPS design have been in operation in Grève-in-Chianti, Italy since 1992. This plant processes 200 tonnes of RDF (refuse-derived fuel) per day. It is planned that the complete TPS gasification process (including the complete fuel gas cleaning system) be demonstrated in several gas turbine-based biomass-fuelled power generating plants in different parts of the world. It is the aim of TPS to prove, at commercial scale, the technical feasibility and economic advantages of the gasification process when it is applied to solid waste fuels. This aim shall be achieved, in the short-term, by employing the cold clean product gas in a gas boiler and, in the longer-term, by firing the gas in engines and gas turbines. A study for a 90 MWth waste-fuelled co-generation plant in Sweden has shown that, already today, gasification of solid waste can compete economically with conventional incineration technologies.     

一株以喹啉为燃料的产电假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)Q1的特性研究

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极微生物的种类和作用机制对MFC的产电性能有着重要影响.从稳定运行了210d,以200mg·mL-1喹啉为燃料的MFC阳极室分离得到一株革兰氏阴性菌,命名为Q1,其16S rRNA基因序列与Pseudomonas citronellolisDSM50332T的同源性为96.9%,属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonassp.).循环伏安法及构建纯菌MFC方法的测定结果均表明Q1具电化学活性.菌株Q1能利用单一喹啉或喹啉和葡萄糖混合燃料产电.在本试验所用浓度范围内,增加葡萄糖浓度,菌株Q1对应的最高输出电压增加,增加喹啉浓度菌株Q1的产电性能则降低,研究表明,菌株Q1库仑量和库仑效率达到最高时(分别为18.65C和36.56%),存在一个最佳喹啉与葡萄糖浓度比1∶3.在MFC中喹啉的降解效果优于普通厌氧培养,葡萄糖对菌株Q1降解喹啉有促进作用,以喹啉和葡萄糖为混合燃料24h对喹啉的去除率达99.53%,优于以单一喹啉为燃料的情况.循环伏安法和不同更换基质方式试验表明,附着在电极上的菌株Q1对产电起主要作用,Q1的溶解态代谢产物对产电过程起电子介体的作用.     

建设全国性碳排放交易中心发展CDM项目

清洁发展机制（CDM）是《京都议定书》提出的在全球范围内实施温室气体减排的重要机制,是发达国家与发展中国家基于项目的合作形式,是一种“双赢”政策。文章首先简述了清洁发展机制及与碳交易市场的情况,接着论述了清洁发展机制在中国的发展,提出建设全国的碳排放交易中心及意义,从而促进CDM在中国的发展。     

清洁生产和循环经济与可持续发展的关系

论述了清洁生产和循环经济、可持续发展之间的关系,提出发展清洁生产和循环经济诸多问题,探讨了清洁生产和循环经济与可持续发展的关系问题,探索实现清洁生产和循环经济的途径和办法。     

浅谈洁净煤在锅炉烟尘排放控制中的作用

洁净煤及其正确使用,是治理锅炉烟尘污染最经济、最快捷的手段,这已被国内外的实践所证明。所有的燃煤锅炉都要依据一定的煤质技术条件制造。这也就是为什么锅炉燃用满足其设计要求的燃料,就不会冒黑烟的原因。各种炉型的洁净煤技术条件及其环保操作方法正是依此制定的。因此,以煤的洁净化适应炉,就可以做到不停炉而治理冬季冒黑烟污染。     

环境因素对接种Shewanella baltica的微生物燃料电池产电能力的影响

通过筛选获得1株Shewanella baltica,分别改变阳极基质种类、浓度、pH和温度,考察不同条件下接种该菌后MFC产电特性.乳酸钠作为基质时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大,MFC产电功率密度和基质浓度满足Monod模型.阳极溶液pH和温度对接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度影响最大.阳极溶液pH为8时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大可达1236mW/m2,最大功率密度上升主要是阳极内阻和阳极电势影响所致.接种该菌的MFC最大产电功率密度在50℃达到1197mW/m2,最大功率密度随温度变化的主要原因是温度对阳极内阻的影响,20～50℃时MFC电流密度与温度满足Arrhenius方程.     

单室型微生物燃料电池处理黄姜废水的性能研究

以黄姜废水为底物,采用单室型微生物燃料电池,验证了MFC处理黄姜废水的可行性,研究了进水COD和SO42-浓度对产电性能的影响.控制电导率和COD等条件一致,黄姜废水最大功率密度为葡萄糖配水的80.3%.低COD浓度条件下MFC产电稳定,功率密度随COD浓度上升而提高,最高为322 mW/m2;当COD提高至2766 mg/L以上时,MFC稳定产电的时长缩短且更新基质后无法恢复最佳产电水平,表明过高的COD负荷会抑制产电微生物活性.COD最终去除率在68.2%~84.8%之间,且随着初始浓度的提高去除率有所下降.进水SO42-浓度的提高使MFC输出功率密度增大,但当SO42-浓度>7 716 mg/L(电导率>8.19 mS/cm)时,继续提高SO42-浓度无法使功率密度增大.与沉淀SO42-后的废水比较,含硫原水的最大功率密度平均下降14.5%,其库仑效率也随SO42-浓度提高明显下降,表明存在SO42-作为电子受体被还原,降低了MFC的效率.