清洁生产技术方案综合评价方法初探

研究清洁生产技术方案的综合评价对于指导企业实施清洁生产有重要意义．本文以啤酒生产企业为例，运用系统工程方法和模糊数学方法提出了清洁生产技术方案综合评价的理论方法，突破了定性分析与定量评价相分离的传统评价方法，为企业筛选和决策可实施清洁生产技术方案提供了技术支持．     

E型树脂装置清洁生产审计介绍

对岳阳石化总厂环氧树脂厂的清洁生产审计方案的实施过程及情况进行介绍，为实现节能、降耗、减污的目的积累了经验，并取得了显著的环境和经济效益。     

镉镍密封蓄电池的清洁生产实践

通过清洁生产实践，对镉镍密封蓄电池的生产工艺进行评估、改造，加大实施规范化清洁生产审计力度，达到了节能、降耗、减污、增效的目的。     

上海市大气污染防治现状与对策

通过对“九五”期间上海大气污染防治工作的回顾,以及环境空气质量现状、污染源排放情况和污染物分担率的分析,总结了取得了成效和主要存在的问题,着重提出了今后一个阶段上海大气污染防治的基本目标、主要任务和重点措施。     

Breeding birds in short-rotation coppices on farmland in central Sweden—the importance of Salix height and adjacent habitats

Plantations of short-rotation coppice (SRC) have a potential for being a useful measure to stop the ongoing impoverishment of farmland biodiversity by increasing structural diversity, and decreasing cultivation intensity and use of pesticides in intensively managed farmland landscapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of the structure of the plantation and composition of adjacent habitats for breeding birds in 41 SRCs (meansize±S.E.=9.4±1.6 ha). Mean number of species per ha in the SRCs was 2.8±0.3 species and there were more farmland birds (32 species, 808 territories) than forest birds (22 species, 400 territories). A major result of the present study was the strong influence of adjacent habitats on bird community composition (18 of 22 analysed species affected). There were large differences in bird communities between forest-bordered and open-bordered sites, but occurrence of residual habitats (i.e. other habitats than forest, pastures, shrub areas and arable fields) was also associated with occurrence of several species. The second factor of major importance for the bird fauna was the height of the plantations. Most species (14) were associated with tall plantations (>2 m), seven species were associated with plantations of intermediate (1–2 m) height, and six species were associated with plantations of low height (<1 m). A comparison of ecological traits between species classified as preferring SRC and species classified as avoiding SRC suggests that nest height was the only ecological character associated with a preference for Salix habitats, i.e. species with nests on the ground or in shrubs were more abundant in Salix habitats than in farmland landscapes in general. However, a broad spectrum of species was found in the SRCs and many of these seemed to be dependent on habitat features outside the plantations. Planting of Salix in intensively managed farmland plains will have positive effects on bird diversity by increasing the structural diversity of the landscape. In contrast, plantations on infields in forest-dominated landscapes will have negative effects, since the mosaic structure (i.e. mixture of open and forested habitats) positive for most farmland birds will disappear, and Salix plantations favour relatively few forest species. Additionally, Salix could be planted along sharp edges between coniferous plantations and open farmland in order to increase the complexity of the ecotone in intensively managed forest-farmland landscapes.     

水泥企业清洁生产评估体系研究

针对我国中小水泥企业立窑生产工艺现状，提出一套简洁实用，操作性较强的清洁生产评估体系，通过对企业现状和基本工艺数据的采集，分析企业在不同方面的清洁生产潜力，明确企业的国内外地位，为企业领导的决策提供依据。     

企业持续清洁生产的保障措施

企业持续清洁生产是清洁生产审核工作的延续和深化，是企业清洁生产工作取得实质成效的有效途径和必要手段。通过对企业持续清洁生产工作的内容及其相关保障措施的论述，在进一步明确持续清洁生产工作内容的同时，为政府机构、企业自身和清洁生产专业机构在制定持续清洁保障措施时提供科学的参考与借鉴。     

可持续发展与企业的清洁生产

阐述了可持续发展的由来，基本内涵及企业实施可持续发展战略的意义。认为企业实施可持续发展战略的具体途径之一是推行清洁生产，并就目前企业推行清洁生产面临的障碍提出了六点对策建议。     

推进企业清洁生产的总体途径

分析比较了企业开展清洁生产的行为与现阶段在推行清洁生产时企业存在的主要问题和障碍后，强调实施良好的环境管理对企业清洁生产行为的重要性。根据上海目前应加速推进清洁生产的进程，尽快建立清洁生产示范项目的目标和要求，提出了要应用ＩＳＯ１４００１环境管理体系的基本原理和要求，从组织上获得企业对清洁生产的承诺和支持，从制度上保证企业对清洁生产的实施和持续，以及资源的投入，以从根本上解决面临的问题和障碍，实现     

Predicting particle deposition on HVAC heat exchangers

Particles in indoor environments may deposit on the surfaces of heat exchangers that are used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Such deposits can lead to performance degradation and indoor air quality problems. We present a model of fin-and-tube heat-exchanger fouling that deterministically simulates particle impaction, gravitational settling, and Brownian diffusion and uses a Monte Carlo simulation to account for impaction due to air turbulence. The model predicts that <2% of submicron particles will deposit on heat exchangers with air flows and fin spacings that are typical of HVAC systems. For supermicron particles, deposition increases with particle size. The dominant deposition mechanism for 1–10 μm particles is impaction on fin edges. Gravitational settling, impaction, and air turbulence contribute to deposition for particles larger than 10 μm. Gravitational settling is the dominant deposition mechanism for lower air velocities, and impaction on refrigerant tubes is dominant for higher velocities. We measured deposition fractions for 1–16 μm particles at three characteristic air velocities. On average, the measured results show more deposition than the model predicts for an air speed of 1.5 m s⁻¹. The amount that the model underpredicts the measured data increases at higher velocities and especially for larger particles, although the model shows good qualitative agreement with the measured deposition fractions. Discontinuities in the heat-exchanger fins are hypothesized to be responsible for the increase in measured deposition. The model and experiments reported here are for isothermal conditions and do not address the potentially important effects of heat transfer and water phase change on deposition.