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751.
D. Kline L. Vimmerstedt R. Benioff 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2004,9(1):1-35
This paper describes the experience andresults of programs designed tooperationalize the technology transferprovisions of the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). These programs share a common goal ofdemonstrating modalities for developedcountry parties to fulfill their obligationunder the UNFCCC to supporttechnology transfer to developing countryparties that facilitates theirparticipation in global efforts to combatclimate changes. Several related U.S.bilateral programs and programs supportedby the Climate Technology Initiative, amultilateral effort on behalf of a numberof Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, are included in thisreview. The discussion highlights a numberof common elements of the approaches ofmany of these programs as well as somedifferences. It presents case studies thatfocus on methods and results in China,Mexico, and Southern Africa, and cataloguesand describes the implementation activitiesand results that these programs haveachieved. It concludes by assessing theimplications of this experience for theinternational community as it moves forwardwith the climate change technology transferenterprise. 相似文献
752.
气候变暖的风险与对策 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
全球气候变暖,给人类社会带来了巨大的风险。通过阐述气候变暖的源与汇。回顾并分析了前、后100年气候变暖的趋势及风险危害,在此基础上提出了气候变暖的风险对策。 相似文献
753.
Susanna Reid Barry Smit Wayne Caldwell Suzanne Belliveau 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):609-637
A vulnerability approach to climate change adaptation research is employed to explore prospects of agricultural adaptation
to climatic variability and change. The methodological approach focuses on the system of concern, in this case, farms in Perth
County, Ontario. Twenty-five interviews and four focus groups with farmers were used to identify climate risks on farms, and
to document farmers’ responses to conditions and risks associated with climate and weather. The information collected describes
a complex decision-making environment, with many forces both external and internal to the farm operation influencing management
decisions. Within this environment, climate and weather are consistently referred to as a significant force influencing both
farm operations and management decisions. Farmers have, however, developed a wide-range of anticipatory and reactive management
strategies to manage climate risks. While these have potential to address future climate-related risks and opportunities,
there are limits to adaptation, and an increase in the frequency of extreme events may exceed their adaptive capacities. Farmers
are also generally unaware and/or unconcerned about future climate change, which could constrain opportunities to adopt long-term
climate change adaptations. 相似文献
754.
Matthew Bach 《环境政策》2019,28(1):87-103
ABSTRACTThe oil and gas industry has traditionally been reticent to engage with the issues surrounding climate change, typically being cast as a laggard. Yet, over recent years, the sector has begun taking on a more active role in climate governance, doing so in a variety of capacities – as initiators, catalysts and participants in industry-led or multi-stakeholder efforts. The Oil and Gas Climate Initiative is reviewed, as a case study to illustrate emerging climate leadership within the global oil and gas industry. In 2015, its members committed to a two-degree pathway. The paucity of research on the nascent role of oil and gas firms in climate governance is addressed. 相似文献
755.
Diarmuid Torney 《环境政策》2019,28(1):167-186
ABSTRACTExisting scholarship on climate governance has not sufficiently considered the relationship between climate leaders/pioneers and followers. Because of the global commons nature of climate change, unilateral leadership or pioneership by one or a small number of actors will be insufficient to combat climate change effectively. The need to take seriously the relationship between leaders and followers is all the greater in the wake of the 2015 Paris Agreement, which emphasises diffuse, bottom–up action. The relationship between leaders and followers in polycentric climate governance is unpacked in this contribution. What types of actors can be climate followers? Through what pathways can followership emerge and how can we capture the essential characteristics of leader–follower relationships? What conditions facilitate (or hinder) followership? The utility of the approach is illustrated using cases of EU climate leadership and (non-) followership of other actors. 相似文献
756.
Cost-effective environmental policy generally requires that all emission sources are faced with the same tax. In this paper I discuss how the existence of induced technological change may alter this result, if at least some of the effect is external to the firm. Focusing on Learning by doing (LBD) effects in abatement activities, it is shown that emission sources with external learning effects should be faced with a higher tax than emission sources with only autonomous technological change. By using simple numerical simulations, it is further investigated to what degree a cost-effective climate policy differs from a free quota market, under various assumptions about learning effects, diffusion of technology and environmental targets. The results indicate that optimal taxes may be significantly higher in the industrial world than in the developing world. Moreover, the industrial world's share of global abatement may be much higher in a cost-effective solution than in a free quota market. The global cost savings of a fully flexible implementation of the Kyoto Protocol are further questioned, as potential spillover effects of technological growth in the industrial world are not internalised in the market. 相似文献
757.
V.?BoudonEmail author J.-P.?Champion T.?Gabard G.?Pierre M.?Lo?te C.?Wenger 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2003,1(1):86-91
Highly symmetrical molecules such as CH4, CF4 or SF6 are known to be atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases. High-resolution spectroscopy in the infrared is particularly
suitable for the monitoring of gas concentration and radiative transfers in the earth's atmosphere. This technique requires
extensive theoretical studies for the modeling of the spectra of such molecules (positions, intensities and shapes of absorption
lines). Here, we have developed powerful tools for the analysis and the simulation of absorption spectra of highly symmetrical
molecules. These tools have been implemented in the spherical top data system (STDS) and highly-spherical top data system
(HTDS) software available at http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/LPUB/shTDS.html. They include a compilation of modeled data obtained
during the last 20 years. An overview of our latest results in this domain will be presented.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
758.
在与灾害进行斗争的长期过程中,人类逐步形成了关于灾害防治的指导思想,其中既有正确的、科学的成分.也有错误的、不合理的成分。本文依据灾害本身的性质与规律,从灾害与自然生态──社会经济系统的相互关系原理出发,分析并重新认识当代社会人类进行灾害防治工作的指导思想.以图确立正确的灾害防治指导思想.为减灾防灾工作顺利而有效的展开奠定基础。 相似文献
759.
Peter N. Swift 《Environmental management》1993,17(1):83-97
The United States Department of Energy is developing the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico for
the disposal of transuranic wastes generated by defense programs. Because changes in climate during the next 10,000 years
(10 ka) may affect performance of the repository, an understanding of long-term climate variability is essential for evaluating
regulatory compliance.
Fluctuations in global climate corresponding to glaciation and deglaciation of the northern hemisphere have been regular in
both frequency and amplitude for at least 780 ka. Coolest and wettest conditions in the past have occurred at the WIPP during
glacial maxima, when the North American ice sheet reached its southern limit roughly 1200 km north of the WIPP and deflected
the jet stream southward. Average precipitation in southeastern New Mexico during the last glacial maximum 22-18 ka before
present (BP) was approximately twice that of the present. Driest conditions (precipitation approximately 90% of present) occurred
6.5-4.5 ka BP, after the ice sheet had retreated to its present location. Wet periods of unknown duration have occurred since
the retreat of the ice sheet, but none have exceeded glacial conditions. Global climate models suggest that anthropogenic
climate changes (i.e., warming caused by an increased greenhouse effect) will not result in an increase in precipitation at
the WIPP. The climate of the last glacial maximum is therefore suitable for use as a cooler and wetter limit for variability
during the next 10 ka. 相似文献
760.
A. J. Plater J. F. Boyle C. Mayers S. D. Turner R. W. Stroud 《Regional Environmental Change》2006,6(1-2):71-85
The limnological record of human impact on catchment land cover and on lake sedimentation during the historical period has
been established for Pinto Lake in Central Coastal California. In addition, the sedimentary record of the ‘pre-impact’ condition
preserves evidence of a climatic control on the nature of lake sedimentation. Chronological marker horizons have been determined
using pollen data in combination with the documented land-use history and introductions of exotic species. Further chronological
data have been determined using 14C and 137Cs. The impact of Mexican and Euro-American immigrants and their ‘imported’ land-use practices is clearly reflected in an
order of magnitude increase in the rate of lake sedimentation to c. 9 kg m−2 year−1 (c. 2 cm year−1) between 1770 and 1850. Here, the occurrence of exotic plant species indicates disturbance as early as c. 1769–1797, whilst
redwood deforestation between 1844 and 1860 represents the most significant human impact. Changes in the nature of sedimentation
prior to this reveal a high degree of sensitivity to changes in precipitation where subtle decreases in lake level and the
supply of runoff-derived mineral matter have resulted in two periods of organic lake sedimentation c. 650–900 and 1275–1750. Set against this background condition of high sensitivity, the dramatic impacts of Euro-American settlement
are unsurprising.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献