全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1035篇 |
免费 | 40篇 |
国内免费 | 21篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 33篇 |
废物处理 | 4篇 |
环保管理 | 187篇 |
综合类 | 249篇 |
基础理论 | 178篇 |
环境理论 | 41篇 |
污染及防治 | 127篇 |
评价与监测 | 20篇 |
社会与环境 | 121篇 |
灾害及防治 | 136篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 36篇 |
2021年 | 35篇 |
2020年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 66篇 |
2018年 | 47篇 |
2017年 | 88篇 |
2016年 | 101篇 |
2015年 | 52篇 |
2014年 | 42篇 |
2013年 | 82篇 |
2012年 | 44篇 |
2011年 | 92篇 |
2010年 | 43篇 |
2009年 | 73篇 |
2008年 | 62篇 |
2007年 | 63篇 |
2006年 | 23篇 |
2005年 | 23篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 9篇 |
2002年 | 10篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 12篇 |
1999年 | 6篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1096条查询结果,搜索用时 656 毫秒
991.
The relationship between adaptation and mitigation in managing climate change risks: a regional response from North Central Victoria,Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roger N. Jones Paul Dettmann Geoff Park Maureen Rogers Terry White 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):685-712
This two-part paper considers the complementarity between adaptation and mitigation in managing the risks associated with
the enhanced greenhouse effect. Part one reviews the application of risk management methods to climate change assessments.
Formal investigations of the enhanced greenhouse effect have produced three generations of risk assessment. The first led
to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), First Assessment Report and subsequent drafting of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The second investigated the impacts of unmitigated climate change
in the Second and Third IPCC Assessment Reports. The third generation, currently underway, is investigating how risk management
options can be prioritised and implemented. Mitigation and adaptation have two main areas of complementarity. Firstly, they
each manage different components of future climate-related risk. Mitigation reduces the number and magnitude of potential
climate hazards, reducing the most severe changes first. Adaptation increases the ability to cope with climate hazards by
reducing system sensitivity or by reducing the consequent level of harm. Secondly, they manage risks at different extremes
of the potential range of future climate change. Adaptation works best with changes of lesser magnitude at the lower end of
the potential range. Where there is sufficient adaptive capacity, adaptation improves the ability of a system to cope with
increasingly larger changes over time. By moving from uncontrolled emissions towards stabilisation of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere, mitigation limits the upper part of the range. Different activities have various blends of adaptive and mitigative
capacity. In some cases, high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity may lead to large residual climate risks; in other cases,
a large adaptive capacity may mean that residual risks are small or non-existent. Mitigative and adaptive capacity do not
share the same scale: adaptive capacity is expressed locally, whereas mitigative capacity is different for each activity and
location but needs to be aggregated at the global scale to properly assess its potential benefits in reducing climate hazards.
This can be seen as a demand for mitigation, which can be exercised at the local scale through exercising mitigative capacity.
Part two of the paper deals with the situation where regional bodies aim to maximise the benefits of managing climate risks
by integrating adaptation and mitigation measures at their various scales of operation. In north central Victoria, Australia,
adaptation and mitigation are being jointly managed by a greenhouse consortium and a catchment management authority. Several
related studies investigating large-scale revegetation are used to show how climate change impacts and sequestration measures
affect soil, salt and carbon fluxes in the landscape. These studies show that trade-offs between these interactions will have
to be carefully managed to maximise their relative benefits. The paper concludes that when managing climate change risks,
there are many instances where adaptation and mitigation can be integrated at the operational level. However, significant
gaps between our understanding of the benefits of adaptation and mitigation between local and global scales remain. Some of
these may be addressed by matching demands for mitigation (for activities and locations where adaptive capacity will be exceeded)
with the ability to supply that demand through localised mitigative capacity by means of globally integrated mechanisms. 相似文献
992.
Landscape visualisation and climate change: the potential for influencing perceptions and behaviour 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephen R.J. 《Environmental Science & Policy》2005,8(6):637
The urgent need to mitigate and adapt to climate change is becoming more widely understood in scientific and policy circles, but public awareness lags behind. The potential of visual communication to accelerate social learning and motivate implementation of the substantial policy, technological, and life-style changes needed, has begun to be recognised. In particular, realistic landscape visualisations may offer special advantages in rapidly advancing peoples’ awareness of climate change and possibly affecting behaviour and policy, by bringing certain possible consequences of climate change home to people in a compelling manner. However, few such applications are yet in use, the theoretical basis for the effectiveness of visualisations in this role has not been clearly established, and there are ethical concerns elicited by adopting a persuasive approach which deliberately engages the emotions with visual imagery. These questions and policy implications are discussed in the context of a theoretical framework on the effects of landscape visualisation on a spectrum of responses to climate change information, drawing in part on evidence from other applications of landscape visualisation. The author concludes that the persuasive use of visualisations, together with other approaches, may be effective, is justified, and could be vital in helping communicate climate change effectively, given ethical standards based on disclosure, drama, and defensibility. 相似文献
993.
William Pepper Wiley Barbour Alexei Sankovski Barbara BraatzAuthor vitae 《Environmental Science & Policy》1998,1(4):289-311
A new set of no-policy global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios was developed using the atmospheric stabilization framework, the same modeling tool that was used to generate the IS92 emission scenarios for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Revised assumptions about population and economic growth, combined with updated information on changes in renewable energy supply, the efficiency of energy generation and other factors resulted in changes in GHG emission profiles over the next century, which led to an increase in the estimated global average temperature change as compared to the IS92 scenarios. Model results indicate that the largest increase in emissions, which led to a temperature increase of about 3.4°C by 2100 (relative to 1990), can be expected when a rapid increase in the GNP per capita levels of the non-OECD countries is combined with a low availability of solar/wind and biomass energy resources and slow energy efficiency improvements. The smallest increase in emissions and temperature by 2100 (about 2.5°C) occurred when a relatively slow increase in the GNP per capita in the non-OECD countries was combined with a high availability of renewable energy resources and rapid energy efficiency improvements. 相似文献
994.
D. Kline L. Vimmerstedt R. Benioff 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2004,9(1):1-35
This paper describes the experience andresults of programs designed tooperationalize the technology transferprovisions of the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). These programs share a common goal ofdemonstrating modalities for developedcountry parties to fulfill their obligationunder the UNFCCC to supporttechnology transfer to developing countryparties that facilitates theirparticipation in global efforts to combatclimate changes. Several related U.S.bilateral programs and programs supportedby the Climate Technology Initiative, amultilateral effort on behalf of a numberof Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, are included in thisreview. The discussion highlights a numberof common elements of the approaches ofmany of these programs as well as somedifferences. It presents case studies thatfocus on methods and results in China,Mexico, and Southern Africa, and cataloguesand describes the implementation activitiesand results that these programs haveachieved. It concludes by assessing theimplications of this experience for theinternational community as it moves forwardwith the climate change technology transferenterprise. 相似文献
995.
Evaluating and Ranking the Vulnerability of Global Marine Ecosystems to Anthropogenic Threats 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
BENJAMIN S. HALPERN§ KIMBERLY A. SELKOE† FIORENZA MICHELI‡ CARRIE V. KAPPEL‡ 《Conservation biology》2007,21(5):1301-1315
Abstract: Marine ecosystems are threatened by a suite of anthropogenic stressors. Mitigating multiple threats is a daunting task, particularly when funding constraints limit the number of threats that can be addressed. Threats are typically assessed and prioritized via expert opinion workshops that often leave no record of the rationale for decisions, making it difficult to update recommendations with new information. We devised a transparent, repeatable, and modifiable method for collecting expert opinion that describes and documents how threats affect marine ecosystems. Experts were asked to assess the functional impact, scale, and frequency of a threat to an ecosystem; the resistance and recovery time of an ecosystem to a threat; and the certainty of these estimates. To quantify impacts of 38 distinct anthropogenic threats on 23 marine ecosystems, we surveyed 135 experts from 19 different countries. Survey results showed that all ecosystems are threatened by at least nine threats and that nine ecosystems are threatened by > 90% of existing threats. The greatest threats (highest impact scores) were increasing sea temperature, demersal destructive fishing, and point-source organic pollution. Rocky reef, coral reef, hard-shelf, mangrove, and offshore epipelagic ecosystems were identified as the most threatened. These general results, however, may be partly influenced by the specific expertise and geography of respondents, and should be interpreted with caution. This approach to threat analysis can identify the greatest threats (globally or locally), most widespread threats, most (or least) sensitive ecosystems, most (or least) threatened ecosystems, and other metrics of conservation value. Additionally, it can be easily modified, updated as new data become available, and scaled to local or regional settings, which would facilitate informed and transparent conservation priority setting. 相似文献
996.
V.?BoudonEmail author J.-P.?Champion T.?Gabard G.?Pierre M.?Lo?te C.?Wenger 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2003,1(1):86-91
Highly symmetrical molecules such as CH4, CF4 or SF6 are known to be atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases. High-resolution spectroscopy in the infrared is particularly
suitable for the monitoring of gas concentration and radiative transfers in the earth's atmosphere. This technique requires
extensive theoretical studies for the modeling of the spectra of such molecules (positions, intensities and shapes of absorption
lines). Here, we have developed powerful tools for the analysis and the simulation of absorption spectra of highly symmetrical
molecules. These tools have been implemented in the spherical top data system (STDS) and highly-spherical top data system
(HTDS) software available at http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/LPUB/shTDS.html. They include a compilation of modeled data obtained
during the last 20 years. An overview of our latest results in this domain will be presented.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
997.
Cost-effective environmental policy generally requires that all emission sources are faced with the same tax. In this paper I discuss how the existence of induced technological change may alter this result, if at least some of the effect is external to the firm. Focusing on Learning by doing (LBD) effects in abatement activities, it is shown that emission sources with external learning effects should be faced with a higher tax than emission sources with only autonomous technological change. By using simple numerical simulations, it is further investigated to what degree a cost-effective climate policy differs from a free quota market, under various assumptions about learning effects, diffusion of technology and environmental targets. The results indicate that optimal taxes may be significantly higher in the industrial world than in the developing world. Moreover, the industrial world's share of global abatement may be much higher in a cost-effective solution than in a free quota market. The global cost savings of a fully flexible implementation of the Kyoto Protocol are further questioned, as potential spillover effects of technological growth in the industrial world are not internalised in the market. 相似文献
998.
Susanna Reid Barry Smit Wayne Caldwell Suzanne Belliveau 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):609-637
A vulnerability approach to climate change adaptation research is employed to explore prospects of agricultural adaptation
to climatic variability and change. The methodological approach focuses on the system of concern, in this case, farms in Perth
County, Ontario. Twenty-five interviews and four focus groups with farmers were used to identify climate risks on farms, and
to document farmers’ responses to conditions and risks associated with climate and weather. The information collected describes
a complex decision-making environment, with many forces both external and internal to the farm operation influencing management
decisions. Within this environment, climate and weather are consistently referred to as a significant force influencing both
farm operations and management decisions. Farmers have, however, developed a wide-range of anticipatory and reactive management
strategies to manage climate risks. While these have potential to address future climate-related risks and opportunities,
there are limits to adaptation, and an increase in the frequency of extreme events may exceed their adaptive capacities. Farmers
are also generally unaware and/or unconcerned about future climate change, which could constrain opportunities to adopt long-term
climate change adaptations. 相似文献
999.
气候变暖的风险与对策 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
全球气候变暖,给人类社会带来了巨大的风险。通过阐述气候变暖的源与汇。回顾并分析了前、后100年气候变暖的趋势及风险危害,在此基础上提出了气候变暖的风险对策。 相似文献
1000.
Matthew Bach 《环境政策》2019,28(1):87-103
ABSTRACTThe oil and gas industry has traditionally been reticent to engage with the issues surrounding climate change, typically being cast as a laggard. Yet, over recent years, the sector has begun taking on a more active role in climate governance, doing so in a variety of capacities – as initiators, catalysts and participants in industry-led or multi-stakeholder efforts. The Oil and Gas Climate Initiative is reviewed, as a case study to illustrate emerging climate leadership within the global oil and gas industry. In 2015, its members committed to a two-degree pathway. The paucity of research on the nascent role of oil and gas firms in climate governance is addressed. 相似文献