合成树脂行业挥发性有机物排放成分谱及影响

使用SUMMA罐采集华东地区5类典型合成树脂企业有组织排口样品,通过气相色质联用技术（GC-MS）定量分析106种VOCs,计算了合成树脂行业排放量、排放系数和不确定性,分析了VOCs的排放特征和臭氧生成潜势,建立了5类合成树脂VOCs排放成分谱.结果表明：合成树脂企业VOCs排放量为346~3467kg/a,5类合成树脂排放系数为0.06~1.24g/kg,其中涂料树脂（CR）类企业排放量和排放系数均最大.芳香烃、含氧烃（OVOCs）和卤代烃是合成树脂行业VOCs排放基本组分,累计占比范围是73.2%~98.3%.涂料树脂、酚醛树脂（PF）、聚氨酯（PU）、共聚物树脂（ABS）和聚碳酸酯（PC）特征污染物分别为：甲基异丁基酮、苯、甲苯、苯乙烯和二氯甲烷.合成树脂企业臭氧生成潜势（OFP）为22.7~202.5mg/m³,源反应性（SR）为0.3~4.6g/g,CR类企业OFP和SR均最大.合成树脂行业SR处于各行业平均水平.芳香烃、OVOCs和烯炔烃是合成树脂行业的主要光化学活性组分,累计OFP贡献率为64.1%~100.0%,苯、甲苯、甲基异丁基酮、乙烯、苯乙烯是合成树脂行业关键活性物种.研究显示,合成树脂行业VOCs治理应管控芳香烃和OVOCs的排放,重视污染物恶臭问题和卤代烃溶剂的危害,减排VOCs排放量大、臭氧生成能力强的CR类企业.     

基于QAR数据的飞机全航段黑碳排放量计算与分析

黑碳气溶胶是航空发动机运行过程中产生的一种主要颗粒污染物.为评估飞机全航段的黑碳排放特性,在一阶近似方法（FOA）的基础上,提出一种基于黑碳形成和氧化过程的形成氧化法（FOX）.使用GE90-115B型发动机历史QAR数据进行实例分析,结合QAR数据中燃油流量、空气燃料比、燃烧室入口温度、主燃区火焰温度等热力学参数,计算某次飞行全航段的黑碳排放量.结果表明,形成氧化法的计算结果高于一阶近似方法,巡航阶段的总排放量高于起飞着陆循环.分析表明,结合实际飞行数据的形成氧化法,考虑了发动机的性能差异、燃烧品质及外界环境条件对排放特性的影响,能够更加真实有效地评估飞机全航段的黑碳排放量,为飞机排放监测及排放的适航符合性验证等效替代提供更加准确的依据.     

郑州市典型工业企业VOCs排放特征及风险评估

为了解郑州市不同行业企业挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及潜在危害,通过Summa罐和气袋采集样品,之后采用GC-MS/FID对样品进行测定分析.结果表明:郑州市包装印刷企业排放VOCs组分主要为含氧VOCs(OVOCs),包括乙酸乙酯和异丙醇,占比93.1%以上;汽车制造、家具制造和涂料生产企业VOCs组分主要为芳香烃,占比为33.5%～90.0%,以间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯和乙苯为主;食品加工企业VOCs中卤代烃占比较高,为52.3%;橡胶企业VOCs主要为卤代烃和烷烃,占比分别为25.5%和28.8%;石墨碳素企业VOCs主要为芳香烃和OVOCs,占比分别为28.5%和24.1%.对比以往研究发现,郑州市与其他城市溶剂使用企业VOCs排放特征较为类似,但由于生产工艺及原辅料使用不同,相同行业企业中不同环节VOCs组分存在差异.风险评估结果显示,各企业排放的VOCs组分对臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和危害指数(HI)贡献具有一定正关联性,尤其苯、甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯等C_6～C_8芳香烃对OFP和HI贡献较大.汽车制造企业3号和家具企业5号HI值分别为1.18和2.74,均高于EPA规定限值,主要与该企业生产过程中使用溶剂型原辅料有关,且排放的主要以芳香烃为主,尤其苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯和三甲基苯等C_6～C_9苯系物对HI和OFP的贡献较高,今后需重点管控溶剂型企业VOCs的排放.     

新疆维吾尔自治区石化企业典型工艺无组织VOCs排放特征及光化学反应活性

为探究新疆维吾尔自治区石化企业典型工艺〔LCZZ（蜡催装置工艺）、XHS（循环水工艺）、DFT（大芳烃工艺）、SX（三循工艺）、180万t（180万t加氢工艺）、200万t（200万t加氢工艺）〕无组织VOCs（挥发性有机物）的排放特征及光化学反应活性,采用气袋法进行样品采集,用GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱仪）定量分析其主要成分,并利用LOH法（·OH反应速率法）和MIR法（最大增量反应活性法）估算VOCs组分的臭氧生成潜势.结果表明:该石化企业中,各典型工艺无组织排放的ρ（TVOCs）（VOCs化合物质量浓度之和）较高,范围为87.2~185 μg/m3,其中LCZZ排放最高,180万t排放最低;各工艺检测到的VOCs成分构成整体上相似,均以烷烃和卤代烃为主,w（烷烃）和w（卤代烃）范围分别为41.7%~67.3%和24.3%~50.1%;不同工艺的无组织VOCs特征组分各有不同,但均为ρ（氟利昂113）最高,w（氟利昂113）范围为22.3%~45.8%.不同工艺无组织废气中臭氧生成贡献率较大的物种均为烯炔烃和烷烃;LCZZ、XHS、SX及180万t中的丙烯、DFT中的正丁烷和200万t中的2,3-二甲基丁烷是各工艺排放VOCs中臭氧生成贡献率最大的组分,同时也是对光化学污染贡献最为突出的污染物质.研究显示,该石化企业无组织VOCs的污染较为严重,具有明显的工艺差异性,VOCs组分较复杂,应采取分工艺、生产全过程控制的污染防治对策.      

浅析西吉县党家岔震湖形成原因及其对社会生活影响

现存于宁夏回族自治区固原市西吉县内、以党家岔震湖为代表的43个串珠状堰塞湖是由1920年海原大地震诱发而成。试图从土壤地貌、地形地势和水文河流三个方面对西吉县党家岔震湖形成原因予以分析,借此探究引发地震堰湖所必要的自然条件因素;另外结合史实情况,以居住方式、精神文化和经济发展三个角度来进一步揭示震湖"由无到有"这一自然环境变迁过程对当地社会生活所产生的影响,进而有益于对相关区域未来发展前景给予指导。     

Water quality of the King Abdullah Canal/Jordan–impact on eutrophication and water disinfection

The King Abdullah Canal (KAC) is an artificial water conveyor serving as raw water source for drinking water supply of Amman and for irrigation purposes in the Jordan Valley. The main water sources for KAC originate from the Yarmouk River, the Mukheiba Wells, and the Peace Conveyor. Water samples were collected from December 2002 to May 2004 to investigate changes in physicochemical parameters and parameters related to eutrophication along KAC. The catchment area of KAC is highly heterogeneous in terms of topography, climate, geologic conditions, and land use, resulting in great variations in the physicochemical composition of the canal water. The Yarmouk River and the Mukheiba Wells reflect the water quality of precipitation without much dissolution of halides, whereas the Peace Conveyor shows a groundwater characteristic. Main dischargers of N and P compounds are the Yarmouk River, and dams and wadis along KAC. The concentrations in the canal are mostly above eutrophication level for N and P. Along KAC there is an increase in chlorophyll a concentration and plankton counts. The formation potentials for trihalomethanes (THMs) and for integrated organically bound halogens are determined by chlorination to evaluate the consequences of water disinfection. Due to relatively high bromide concentration mainly brominated THMs are formed.     

西宁市浅层地下水化学特征及形成机制

地下水是西部干旱地区重要的供水水源，随着西部大开发战略的深入，工业化和城市化发展加大了西宁市对地下水资源量的需求，不合理的开发利用已引起地下水环境发生变化，探明地下水化学演化特征及形成机制，对防止其恶化，确保可持续利用至关重要.运用水化学和多元统计技术相结合的方法，分析了西宁市地下水化学特征，探讨了地下水的形成机制和不同因子的影响程度.结果表明，西宁市浅层地下水化学类型多达36种，以HCO₃-Ca(Mg)(占比60.00%)和HCO₃·SO₄-Ca(Mg)(占比11.81%)为主，草地、林地和裸地中地下水化学类型5～6种，建设用地和耕地中地下水化学类型复杂，多达21种，表明受到人类活动影响较强.研究区地下水化学演化过程主要受岩石风化溶滤、蒸发结晶和阳离子交换作用综合影响，主要控制因素分别是水-岩相互作用(贡献率为27.56%)、工业废水排放(贡献率为16.16%)、酸碱环境(贡献率为16.00%)、化肥、农药的过量施用(贡献率为13.11%)和生活污水(贡献率为8.82%).针对西宁市地下水化学特征及其人类活动影响，提出...     

The division of Europe into regions with similar potential effectiveness and environmental consequences of pesticide application based on expert inclusive research

A division of Europe into regions with similar climate and soil conditions, assuming similar pesticide effectiveness and environmental effects of their application, was developed by a combination of statistical cluster analysis and expert involvement for identifying clustering variables and weighing their importance. The experts identified 15 variables representing climatic, soil and crop structure data and weighted them. In order to maximally simplify the administrative work with pesticide registration resulting from the division of Europe into zones, the additional criteria in the procedure were: the zoning follows existing administrative borders, country divisions by zone boundaries are limited, and situations where a zone consists of parts separated by another zone are avoided. The results of the analyses were compared with the applicable EPPO classification and visualized on maps. The highest similarity was observed in the southern Mediterranean zone, the layout of which differed by only a few regions. The Alpine part, having specific conditions, was not distinguished among the EPPO zones. Our study very clearly delineated the Central European part, having a climate with continental influence, which is distributed among other zones in the EPPO classification.     

INFLUENCES OF A FOREST ON THE HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY OF TWO MOUNTAIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT The influence of a forest on the formation of steps in two small streams of the Colorado Rocky Mountains was studied. Steps provided by logs fallen across the channel added to flow energy reduction. The streams required additional gravel bars to adjust to slope. Average step length between logs and gravel bars was strongly related to channel gradient and median bed material size. Based on the average number of log steps per 50 feet of channel, an average of 116 percent of gravel bars were added at Fool Creek and 60 percent at Deadhorse Creek. The latter had 52 percent more logs in the channel and therefore required less bed material movement than the former. Although these are “rushing mountain streams,” most flow velocities ranged between 0.5 and 2.5 f.p.s. Exponents of a function relating rate of change of depth or velocity to discharge indicated that dynamic stream equilibrium was attained. Implications for forest management are that sanitation cuts (removal of dead and dying trees) would not be permissible where a stream is in dynamic equilibrium and bed material movement should be minimized.     

VOCs走航观测在城市污染源排查中的应用

为推进城市空气质量精细化管理工作的实施,实现VOCs污染源精准排查,2019年3-4月,利用单光子电离飞行时间质谱对青岛市重点区域进行了VOCs走航观测。在排查到的污染源中,工业区的VOCs浓度较生活区整体偏高,且生活区、工业区夜间的VOCs浓度均较白天高。VOCs各类组分中,生活区白天苯系物、卤代烃、烯烃、烷烃的占比均在20%左右,夜间苯系物占比明显升高;工业区苯系物在白天和夜间的占比均最高,其他组分相对较小。浓度较高的前10位VOCs物种中,生活区白天烯烃物种占主导,夜间烷烃物种的比重明显增加;工业区苯系物、烯烃物种在白天和夜间的比重均较大,烷烃物种较小。生活区VOCs的污染源主要为机动车尾气排放和油品挥发,工业区主要为企业排放。烯烃和苯系物臭氧生成贡献较烷烃高,特别是丁烯、戊烯、己烯、甲苯、二甲苯/乙苯、三甲苯贡献显著,建议作为优控物种重点管控。