闭式循环冲渣水结垢分析及运行管理

介绍了小龙潭电厂冲渣水闭式循环系统，分析了渣水水质及结垢原理，阐述了防垢处理的主要方法及运行管理。     

武汉市夏季大气挥发性有机物实时组成及来源

利用在线监测仪器获取了武汉市2019年6～7月环境大气中102种挥发性有机物（VOCs）小时浓度数据.观测期间ρ（VOCs）范围为24.9～254μg·m^-3,平均值为（67.7±32.2）μg·m^-3.依据臭氧浓度标准,将观测期间划分为清洁日和污染日,对比分析清洁日和污染日气象条件、 VOCs浓度、组成、臭氧生成潜势和来源差异.污染日NO_x、 CO和VOCs的平均值分别超出清洁日34.9%、 25.0%和27.8%.污染日烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和含氧VOCs分别比清洁日高40.7%、 39.5%、 26.9%和21.5%.污染日总臭氧生成潜势为（102±69.6）μg·m^-3,超出清洁天33.5%.污染日液化石油气燃烧、工业排放、机动车排放、天然源和溶剂使用的平均贡献率分别比清洁日低3.4%、 2.5%、 0.2%、 1.3%和1.4%,油气挥发源平均贡献率比清洁日高8.8%.机动车排放源和油气挥发源的日变化均呈现早晚高、午后低的特征,与早晚高峰排放有关;LPG燃烧的日变化与餐饮油烟排放变化一致.浓度...     

新污染物多环芳烃衍生物的来源、分布与光化学行为

环境中多环芳烃衍生物(SPAHs)来源广泛,具有“三致”效应,毒性与PAHs母体相当甚至高于母体,是一类具有较高风险的新型有机污染物.大气和表层水体等环境介质中,光化学降解是其重要的消减方式.在梳理文献的基础上,发现SPAHs在来源、分布、行为和风险研究方面与传统污染物PAHs相比有了新的突破.通过总结新污染物SPAHs的环境分布特征与光化学行为研究的最新进展,介绍了3类SPAHs的来源和形成机制,重点评述了不同环境介质中的存在状况与分布特征,讨论了水、冰等介质中SPAHs光化学转化动力学、反应路径以及影响因素,最后对SPAHs的环境行为和风险研究进行了展望.     

Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process

Sulfuric anhydrides,generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO₃with carboxylic acids,have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF).Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA),phenylacetic acid (PAA),phthalic acid (PA),isophthalic acid (mPA),and terephthalic acid(PTA)) with SO₃to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory...     

Compilation of reaction kinetics parameters determined in the Key Development Project for Air Pollution Formation Mechanism and Control Technologies in China

A compilation of new advances made in the research field of laboratory reaction kinetics in China's Key Development Project for Air Pollution Formation Mechanism and Control Technologies was presented. These advances are grouped into six broad, interrelated categories, including volatile organic compound (VOC) oxidation, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, new particle formation (NPF) and gas-particle partitioning, ozone chemistry, model parameters, and secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) formation, highlighting the laboratory work done by Chinese researchers. For smog chamber applications, the current knowledge gained from laboratory studies is reviewed, with emphasis on summarizing the oxidation mechanisms of long-chain alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, aldehydes/ketones in the atmosphere, SOA formation from anthropogenic emission sources, and oxidation of aromatics, isoprene, and limonene, as well as SIA formation. For flow tube applications, atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of toluene and methacrolein, SOA formation from limonene oxidation by ozone, gas-particle partitioning of peroxides, and sulfuric acid-water (H₂SO₄-H₂O) binary nucleation, methanesulfonic acid-water (MSA-H₂O) binary nucleation, and sulfuric acid-ammonia-water (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) ternary nucleation are discussed.     

动态工况下锂电池组多物理场仿真与退化分析

目的 提高锂电池组SOH评估的准确性,提出面向实际复杂动态工况的锂电池组退化仿真分析方法。方法 通过耦合多个电池单体P2D电化学–热模型和电池组串并联等效电路–热–流体模型,建立锂电池组多物理场耦合仿真模型,分析电池系统实际使用过程中电流、温度等工况的动态特性,构建锂电池组广义动态工作载荷谱。开展模型验证和典型3并5串锂电池组多物理场仿真分析,并耦合基于SEI膜生成机理的容量退化模型,分析在动态工况下内部各电池单体的容量及SOH退化情况,并给出该型电池组寿命的薄弱环节。结果 动态工况下,锂电池退化轨迹呈高度非线性,环境温度为25~60 ℃时,随着温度的升高,电池组退化较快,但电池组内部最大温差反而减小。结论 提出的方法能够很好地量化实际复杂动态工况对锂电池组退化的影响,为其可靠性设计和运行管理提供了技术支撑。     

郑州市碳素行业无组织VOCs排放特征分析及健康风险评价

选择郑州市3家典型碳素企业,研究了不同功能区的挥发性有机污染物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的排放特征及其臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,OFP),并利用美国环保署(EPA)的健康风险评价模型对碳素行业排放的VOCs的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,3家企业生产区VOCs质量浓度在89. 77～964. 60μg·m~(-3)之间,管理区在51. 46～121. 59μg·m~(-3)之间,萘和二硫化碳是碳素企业厂区内浓度最高的污染物;生产区VOCs的臭氧生成潜势在75. 42～1 416. 73μg·m~(-3)之间,管理区在65. 32～202. 42μg·m~(-3)之间,主要来自于芳香烃和烯烃的贡献.生产区VOCs致癌健康风险(Risk)为3. 5×10~(-5)～2. 8×10~(-3),管理区为2. 0×10~(-5)～9. 4×10~(-5),高于EPA推荐的最大可接受水平(10~(-6));生产区VOCs非致癌健康风险危害指数(hazard index,HI)为3. 2～1. 4×10~2,管理区为4. 3×10~(-1)～3. 8,除企业甲的管理区外均大于1,可能会对暴露人群的健康造成致癌和非致癌危害.     

基于排放量和大气反应活性的VOCs污染源分级控制

挥发性有机物（VOCs）作为PM_2.5和O₃共同的关键前体物,是大气污染防控的重要方向.目前我国VOCs的控制政策主要基于VOCs排放量,而没有考虑到VOCs组分其化学反应活性,这将影响VOCs减排对改善空气质量的效果.因此,尝试建立基于VOCs排放量和大气反应活性的VOCs污染源分级控制方法,以北京市为例进行研究.首先,通过采样监测获得了北京市餐饮业、汽修业和加油站这3个典型VOCs污染源的成分谱,并通过文献调研获得了炼油石化、包装印刷、汽车制造、建筑涂装和机动车这5类VOCs污染源的成分谱.然后,分别采用最大增量反应活性（MIR）和气溶胶生成系数（FAC）计算污染源排放单位质量VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAFP）,来表征VOCs污染源对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的反应活性.在获得北京市各VOCs污染源的排放量（EA）、 OFP和SOAFP值后,采用极差法对其进行归一化处理,分别获得归一化指数NEA、 NOFP和NSOAFP.最后,计算得到VOCs污染源分级指数（PCI）,并根据归一化后的NPCI将VOCs污染源...     

兰州生物质燃烧VOCs排放特征及其大气环境影响

采用排放因子法建立了2016年兰州市生物质燃烧源挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放清单,并分析了污染物的时空排放特征,利用排放清单对生物质燃烧源的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势进行了估算,研究其排放对大气环境的影响.结果表明：2016年兰州市生物质燃烧源排放VOCs总量为6626.2t,排放高值区在榆中东南及东北部、永登中部和七里河南部,经济水平落后、秸秆产量大的地区污染物排放量更大.污染物排放集中在采暖季（11~3月）及农作物收割期（7~8月）;兰州市生物质燃烧源的OFP总量为13880.3t,煨炕为OFP贡献最大的子源,占比46.1%,含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）为OFP贡献最大的关键组分,占比51.4%;OFP贡献排名前10的物种有乙酸、丙烯、2-丁酮、甲苯、甲醛、乙醛、间/对-二甲苯、1-丁烯、丙酸和异戊二烯.煨炕是SOA生成潜势贡献最大的子源,占比46.5%,芳香烃为SOA生成潜势贡献最大的关键组分,占比62.2%,SOA生成潜势贡献排名前10的物种有苯酚、甲苯、α-蒎烯、间/对-二甲苯、苯、邻二甲苯、茚、1,2,4-三甲基苯、乙苯和1,2,3-三甲基苯;以降低区域O₃和SOA浓度为目标时,应优先管控煨炕和秸秆露天燃烧（玉米）两类子源.     

Characterizing oxygenated volatile organic compounds and their sources in rural atmospheres in China

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) are important precursors and products of atmospheric secondary pollution. The sources of OVOCs, however, are still quite uncertain,especially in the atmosphere with much pollution in China. To study the sources of OVOCs in rural atmospheres, a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry(PTR-MS) was deployed at a northern rural site(WD) and a southern rural site(YMK) in China during the summer of 2014 and 2016, respectively. The continuous observation showed that the mean concentration of TVOCs(totally 17 VOCs) measured at WD(52.4 ppbv) was far higher than that at YMK(11.1 ppbv), and the OVOCs were the most abundant at both the two sites. The diurnal variations showed that local sources of OVOCs were still prominent at WD, while regional transport influenced YMK much. The photochemical age-based parameterization method was then used to quantitatively apportion the sources of ambient OVOCs. The anthropogenic primary sources at WD and YMK contributed less(2%–16%) to each OVOC species. At both the sites, the atmospheric background had a dominant contribution(～ 50%) to acetone and formic acid, while the anthropogenic secondary formation was the main source(～ 40%) of methanol and MEK. For acetaldehyde and acetic acid, the biogenic sources were their largest source(～ 40%) at WD, while the background(39%) and anthropogenic secondary formation(42%) were their largest sources at YMK, respectively. This study reveals the complexity of sources of OVOCs in China, which urgently needs explored further.