西安人为源VOCs排放特征及其对O3和SOA生成潜势的影响

为研究西安市人为源VOCs（挥发性有机物）对OFP（O₃生成潜势）和SOAFP（二次有机气溶胶生成潜势）的影响,基于西安市环境统计数据和相关统计资料,结合排放因子法和已有的源成分谱,建立西安市人为源VOCs排放清单,并利用最大增量反应活性（MIR）和气溶胶生成系数（FAC）估算各类人为源排放VOCs对O₃和SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的生成贡献.结果表明:①2016年西安市人为源VOCs排放总量为119.187×103 t,其中,溶剂使用源、移动源和工艺过程源是主要的排放源,排放量分别为50.676×103、29.414×103、24.430×103 t. ②2016年西安市各区县VOCs排放总量较大的依次为长安区、雁塔区、未央区和碑林区,排放量分别为15.28×103、12.34×103、11.81×103和10.14×103 t,莲湖区、新城区和灞桥区VOCs排放量大于5×103 t,而阎良区排放量最小. ③2016年西安市总OFP为222.087×103 t,间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、邻-二甲苯等对总OFP的贡献率为72.40%;溶剂使用源对总OFP的贡献率最大,其次是生物质燃烧源,并且生物质燃烧源单位质量VOCs的OFP最强. ④2016年西安市总SOAFP为318.347 t,间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、邻-二甲苯、乙苯等对总SOAFP的贡献率为88.65%;溶剂使用源对总SOAFP的贡献率最大,其次是生物质燃烧源,而且溶剂使用源单位质量VOCs的SOAFP强于其他排放源.研究显示,与其他地区VOCs单位面积排放清单相比,西安市VOCs单位面积排放强度处于中等水平.      

人工回灌过程中胶体对CHCl3形成机制的影响

以揭示回灌过程中CHCl₃耦合胶体效应影响下的二次形成作用为研究目标,通过批实验分析有、无胶体条件下不同水化学条件对CHCl₃生成速率及生成量的影响,并结合切向流超滤技术和原子力电镜扫描（AFM）表征手段分析CHCl₃-SiO₂胶体协同作用模式.结果表明,CHCl₃的生成量随着反应时间的增加而增大,并在特定的反应时间内,高氯/TOC比率、高pH值、低离子强度均会促进CHCl₃的二次形成.SiO₂胶体的存在会影响反应前体物的吸附,使各时刻CHCl₃生成作用均受到抑制,并对水中的CHCl₃有强吸附作用.结果可为人工回灌过程中CHCl₃的二次形成作用提供科学参考.     

Insights into measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and their gaseous precursors in Beijing

To better understand the characteristics and transformation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols, hourly mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM_2.5 and their gaseous precursors were measured online from 2016 to 2018 at an urban site in Beijing. Seasonal and diurnal variations in water-soluble ions and gaseous precursors were discussed and their gas-particle conversion and partitioning were also examined, some related parameters were characterized. The (TNH₃) _Rich was also defined to describe the variations of the excess NH₃ in different seasons. In addition, a sensitivity test was carried out by using ISORROPIA II to outline the driving factors of gas-particle partitioning. In Beijing, the relative contribution of nitrate to PM_2.5 has increased markedly in recent years, especially under polluted conditions. In the four seasons, only a small portion of NO₂ in the atmosphere was converted into total nitrate (TNO₃)_, and more than 80% of TNO₃ occurred in the form of nitrate due to the abundant ammonia. The concentration of total ammonia (TNH₃) was much higher than that required to neutralize acid gases, and most of the TNH₃ occurred as gaseous NH₃. The nitrous acid (HONO) concentration was highly correlated with NH₃ concentration and had increased significantly in Beijing compared with previous studies. The total chloride (TCl) was the highest in winter, and ε(Cl^?) was more sensitive to variations in the ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) than ε(NO₃^?).     

南京北郊四季PM2.5中有机胺的污染特征及来源解析

2017年12月至2018年11月在南京北郊采集了大气PM_(2.5)样品,对其中的有机胺、主要水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳进行了定量分析.共测定南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中5种有机胺:甲胺、乙胺、二甲胺、三甲胺和苯胺.有机胺年平均总浓度为(54. 2±29. 2) ng·m~(-3),其中最丰富的物种为二甲胺[年均值:(20. 2±13. 7) ng·m~(-3)],其次为甲胺[年均值:(13. 1±6. 3)ng·m~(-3)]、三甲胺[年均值:(8. 6±4. 1) ng·m~(-3)]、乙胺[年均值:(6. 3±4. 1) ng·m~(-3)]和苯胺[年均值:(5. 9±3. 9) ng·m~(-3)],有机胺总浓度呈现出明显的季节变化,表现为夏季秋季春季冬季.污染天有机胺的浓度大于清洁天,主要是受大气颗粒物酸性影响大气有机胺气/粒转换所致,并且大气颗粒物酸性也是导致夏季高温条件下颗粒态有机胺仍高于其它季节的另一原因.在新粒子生长天,发现有机胺的浓度会有所增加. PMF法溯源结果显示南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中主要有6种有机胺排放源:即工业源、农业源、生物质燃烧、机动车排放、二次源和道路扬尘.其中甲胺、乙胺主要来源于二次源和机动车排放;二甲胺、三甲胺主要来源于生物质燃烧、二次源和机动车排放;苯胺主要来源于工业排放和生物质燃烧.有机胺的来源具有显著的季节差异,春季秋季道路扬尘源占比较高,夏季二次源为有机胺主要的污染源,冬季机动车排放源和生物质燃烧源有一定提升.而有机胺的昼夜差异并不明显,二次源、机动车排放源以及生物质燃烧源是3个主要影响因素.     

南水北调典型受水区浅层地下水水化学特征及成因

以邯郸黑龙港平原作为典型受水区,运用描述性统计、Piper图、离子比例分析、饱和指数和氯碱指数等方法,开展浅层地下水水化学变化特征及其成因分析研究.结果表明:南水北调中线工程通水后浅层地下水总体上由咸水向微咸水转化,浅层地下水水质的改善与水位恢复存在密切的相关性;6月和12月浅层地下水主要水化学类型分别是Na-SO₄-Cl型和Na-HCO₃型.蒸发岩(岩盐、石膏和芒硝)和碳酸盐岩矿物(方解石和白云石)的溶解/沉淀作用控制着浅层地下水主要离子浓度的变化.大部分区域发生了正向阳离子交换作用,而地下水位降落漏斗区或钠离子浓度相对富集区域则主要发生了反向离子交换作用.工业和生活污水排放、农业化肥使用可能在一定程度上造成部分浅层地下水的污染.研究结果对南水北调中线受水区地下水资源可持续开发利用和环境保护具有重要意义.     

Seasonal differences in sources and formation processes of PM2.5 nitrate in an urban environment of North China

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) has been the dominant ion of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) in PM_2.5 in North China. Tracking the formation mechanisms and sources of particulate nitrate are vital to mitigate air pollution. In this study, PM_2.5 samples in winter (January 2020) and in summer (June 2020) were collected in Jiaozuo, China, and water-soluble ions and (δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O)-NO₃⁻ were analyzed. The results showed that the increase of NO₃⁻ concentrations was the most remarkable with increasing PM_2.5 pollution level. δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻ values for winter samples (82.7‰ to 103.9‰) were close to calculated δ¹⁸O-HNO₃ (103‰ ± 0.8‰) values by N₂O₅ pathway, while δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻ values (67.8‰ to 85.7‰) for summer samples were close to calculated δ¹⁸O-HNO₃ values (61‰ ± 0.8‰) by OH oxidation pathway, suggesting that PM_2.5 nitrate is largely from N₂O₅ pathway in winter, while is largely from OH pathway in summer. Averaged fractional contributions of P_N2O5+H2O were 70% and 39% in winter and summer sampling periods, respectively, those of P_OH were 30% and 61%, respectively. Higher δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ values for winter samples (3.0‰ to 14.4‰) than those for summer samples (-3.7‰ to 8.6‰) might be due to more contributions from coal combustion in winter. Coal combustion (31% ± 9%, 25% ± 9% in winter and summer, respectively) and biomass burning (30% ± 12%, 36% ± 12% in winter and summer, respectively) were the main sources using Bayesian mixing model. These results provided clear evidence of particulate nitrate formation and sources under different PM_2.5 levels, and aided in reducing atmospheric nitrate in urban environments.     

Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.     

基于叠加-触发原理的铁路危险品运输系统风险场形成机理研究

引入风险场理论研究铁路危险品运输系统风险形成机理，基于系统风险因素识别，建立铁路危险品运输系统风险势函数及对应的风险场强模型，采用触发器原理分析了风险场叠加后的风险形成机理。研究结果表明:内部风险场承受体风险势和风险场强均为代数加和叠加；外部风险场分为单一和多风险源2类，风险势均表现为代数加和叠加，风险场强叠加均满足平行四边形法则。风险状态的变化直接作用于内、外风险场承受体，内部风险场承受体全部或部分崩溃，将导致铁路危险品运输系统失效，其释放的风险场能量将会对外部风险场承受体系统进行攻击，导致外部风险场承受体的部分或整体失效，进而产生风险级联效应。     

开封市城区冬季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

为探究开封市冬季大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征及来源,基于2021年12月至2022年1月开封市生态环境局(城区)在线监测站获取的大气VOCs组分数据,阐述其VOCs污染特征和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAP),利用PMF模型解析出VOCs的来源.结果表明,冬季开封市ρ(VOCs)平均值为(104.71±48.56)μg·m^-3,其质量分数最高为烷烃(37.7%),其次为卤代烃(23.5%)、芳香烃(16.8%)、 OVOCs(12.6%)、烯烃(6.9%)和炔烃(2.6%).VOCs对SOA的贡献平均值为3.18μg·m^-3,其中芳香烃贡献率高达83.8%,其次为烷烃(11.5%);开封市冬季VOCs的最大人为排放来源为溶剂使用(17.9%),其次为燃料燃烧(15.9%)、工业卤代烃排放(15.8%)、机动车排放(14.7%)、有机化学工业(14.5%)和LPG排放(13.3%);溶剂使用源对SOAP的贡献率达到32.2%,其次是机动车排放(22.8%)和工业卤代烃排放(18.9%).可见,降低溶剂使用、机动车排放和工业卤代烃排放的...     

Photocatalytic formation of hydrogen peroxide over highly porous illuminated ZnO and TiO2thin film

The photocatalytic formation of hydrogen peroxide over ZnO and TiO₂thin films has been investigated in aqueous phase in the presence of molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor. These films are highly porous and showed enhanced catalytic activity in the photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide. The amount of H₂O₂formed during 2 hour light illumination is 4–6 μM and the rates of formation of hydrogen peroxide of both the films are almost comparable. The yield of hydrogen peroxide increases with the increase in irradiation time and a trend of steady state concentration of H₂O₂is observed in the case of TiO₂thin film. Photodissolution of ZnO particles is observed in some extent during the process of prolonged UV light illumination.