含二羟基DOPO衍生物阻燃改性环氧树脂的制备与热性能研究

DOPO(9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物)、多聚甲醛、二乙醇胺为原料合成了含二羟基的DOPO衍生物DHDOPO,并作为反应型阻燃剂引入到环氧树脂分子链结构中,制备出一组不同含磷量的阻燃环氧树脂复合材料。采用极限氧指数(LOI)法和垂直燃烧(UL-94)法测试材料的燃烧性能,结果表明,在含磷量为1.5%时,氧指数达到35.0%,并达到V-0级别。锥形量热计(Cone)数据显示阻燃改性后的环氧树脂具有更低的热释放速率峰值(PHRR)和总热释放量(THR),说明具有更高的火灾安全性。此外,还通过热重分析(TGA)实验研究了DHDOPO对环氧树脂热稳定性能的影响。通过扫描电镜对燃烧过后的炭渣形貌进行分析,推测了燃烧的过程和阻燃的机理。     

Formation potential and analysis of 32 regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products: Two new simplified methods

Water disinfection is an essential process that provides safe water by inactivating pathogens that cause waterborne diseases. However, disinfectants react with organic matter naturally present in water, leading to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Multi-analyte methods based on mass spectrometry (MS) are preferred to quantify multiple DBP classes at once however, most require extensive sample pre-treatment and significant resources. In this study, two analytical methods were developed for the quantification of 32 regulated and unregulated DBPs. A purge and trap (P&T) coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was optimized that automated sample pre-treatment and analyzed volatile and semi-volatile compounds, including trihalomethanes (THMs), iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKTs) and halonitromethanes (HNMs). LOQs were between 0.02-0.4 µg/L for most DBPs except for 8 analytes that were in the low µg/L range. A second method with liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of 10 haloacetic acids (HAAs) with a simple clean-up and direct injection. The LC-MS/MS direct injection method has the lowest detection limits reported (0.2-0.5 µg/L). Both methods have a simple sample pre-treatment, which make it possible for routine analysis. Hyperchlorination and uniform formation conditions (UFC) formation potential tests with chlorine were evaluated with water samples containing high and low TOC. Hyperchlorination formation potential test maximized THMs and HAAs while UFC maximized HANs. Ascorbic acid was found to be an appropriate quencher for both analytical methods. Disinfected drinking water from four water utilities in Alberta, Canada were also evaluated.     

Review on corrosion and corrosion scale formation upon unlined cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems

The qualified finished water from water treatment plants (WTPs) may become discolored and deteriorated during transportation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), which affected tap water quality seriously. This water stability problem often occurs due to pipe corrosion and the destabilization of corrosion scales. This paper provides a comprehensive review of pipe corrosion in DWDSs, including corrosion process, corrosion scale formation, influencing factors and monitoring technologies utilized in DWDSs. In terms of corrosion process, corrosion occurrence, development mechanisms, currently applied assays, and indices used to determine the corrosion possibility are summarized, as well as the chemical and bacterial influences. In terms of scale formation, explanations for the nature of corrosion and scale formation mechanisms are discussed and its typical multilayered structure is illustrated. Furthermore, the influences of water quality and microbial activity on scale transformation are comprehensively discussed. Corrosion-related bacteria at the genus level and their associated corrosion mechanism are also summarized. This review helps deepen the current understanding of pipe corrosion and scale formation in DWDSs, providing guidance for water supply utilities to ensure effective measures to maintain water quality stability and guarantee drinking water safety.     

Assessing the influence of environmental conditions on secondary organic aerosol formation from a typical biomass burning compound

The atmospheric chemistry in complex air pollution remains poorly understood. In order to probe how environmental conditions can impact the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biomass burning emissions, we investigated the photooxidation of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) under different environmental conditions in a smog chamber. It was found that SO₂ could promote the formation of SOA and increase the amounts of inorganic salts produced during the photooxidation. The formation rate of SOA and the corresponding SOA mass concentration increased gradually with the increasing DMF/OH ratio. The addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ seed aerosol accelerated the SOA formation rate and significantly shortened the time for the reaction to reach equilibrium. Additionally, a relatively high illumination intensity promoted the formation of OH radicals and, correspondingly, enhanced the photooxidation of DMF. However, the enhancement of light intensity accelerated the aging of SOA, which led to a gradual decrease of the SOA mass concentration. This work shows that by having varying influence on atmospheric chemical reactions, the same environmental factor can affect SOA formation in different ways. The present study is helpful for us to better understand atmospheric complex pollution.     

Machine learning and theoretical analysis release the non-linear relationship among ozone, secondary organic aerosol and volatile organic compounds

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) pollutions are prevalent air quality issues in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have significant impact on the formation of O₃ and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) contributing PM_2.5. Herein, we investigated 54 VOCs, O₃ and SOA in Tianjin from June 2017 to May 2019 to explore the non-linear relationship among O₃, SOA and VOCs. The monthly patterns of VOCs and SOA concentrations were characterized by peak values during October to March and reached a minimum from April to September, but the observed O₃ was exactly the opposite. Machine learning methods resolved the importance of individual VOCs on O₃ and SOA that alkenes (mainly ethylene, propylene, and isoprene) have the highest importance to O₃ formation; alkanes (C_n, n ≥ 6) and aromatics were the main source of SOA formation. Machine learning methods revealed and emphasized the importance of photochemical consumptions of VOCs to O₃ and SOA formation. Ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) calculated by consumed VOCs quantitatively indicated that more than 80% of the consumed VOCs were alkenes which dominated the O₃ formation, and the importance of consumed aromatics and alkenes to SOAFP were 40.84% and 56.65%, respectively. Therein, isoprene contributed the most to OFP at 41.45% regardless of the season, while aromatics (58.27%) contributed the most to SOAFP in winter. Collectively, our findings can provide scientific evidence on policymaking for VOCs controls on seasonal scales to achieve effective reduction in both SOA and O₃.     

2019年5月上海复合污染过程中挥发性有机物的污染特征及来源

本研究基于2019年5月上海市臭氧(O₃)和细颗粒物(PM_2.5)复合污染期间获得的城区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的观测结果,分析了大气中VOCs的污染特征及其与二次生成的关系,同时解析了气团的潜在来源及VOCs的人为源贡献.结果表明, 2019年5月上海市O₃与PM_2.5共出现4次污染过程,在平均气温约26℃,相对湿度约40%左右的气象条件下,发生了PM_2.5和O₃同步超标的复合污染现象.VOCs光化学消耗程度与O₃最大净增长量呈现明显的正相关,二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOA_P)与PM_2.5日均值呈现明显的正相关.VOCs物种中对臭氧生成有重要贡献的关键活性组分为:间/对-二甲苯、乙烯、甲苯、丙烯和邻-二甲苯等,在臭氧污染日,乙烯和丙烯等关键活性组分的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)百分比贡献进一步加强;对二次有机气溶胶(SOA)有重要贡献的关键活性组分为:甲苯、间/对二甲苯、乙苯、邻-二甲苯和...     

脱硫生物膜滴滤塔固定化启动工艺特性研究

通过塔外接种挂膜和塔内启动实验 ,进行脱硫生物膜滴滤塔固定化启动工艺特性研究。在塔外接种挂膜过程中 ,将粉煤灰、拉西环、陶土颗粒作为挂膜载体进行了比较。试验结果表明 ,陶土填料具有较强的生物膜附着性 ,膜活性明显好于其他两种挂膜载体。采用陶土颗粒进行塔内启动实验结果表明 ,生物膜的生长在塔中经历适应期、动力学增长期和稳定期 ,循环液的Fe2 +的氧化速率与吸光度具有明显的相关性 ,同时 ,压力损失和pH也是作为挂膜启动完成的重要指标。挂膜 3天后 ,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的Fe2 +氧化速率趋于稳定 ,挂膜完成。连续运行一周后 ,Fe~(2 +)氧化速率保持在 0 .2g·L~-( 1)·h ~(-1),连续通入低浓度二氧化硫气体驯化后 ,脱硫率可达到 90 %以上。     

含DOPO磷酸酯阻燃改性环氧丙烯酸树脂的制备及热性能研究

将工业上广泛应用的光固化树脂EA作为基体,通过分子设计,利用甲苯二异氰酸酯TDI的双异氰酸酯结构将合成的磷酸酯阻燃剂ODOPM链接到其分子主链上,制备出一组改性的光固化丙烯酸酯预聚物。利用FT-IR,1 H-NMR,31P-NMR对分子结构进行表征;极限氧指数（LOI）和微型量热仪（MCC）的结果表明材料的阻燃性能明显提高,改性后树脂的热释放速率峰值PHRR相对于EA降低了近66%,总热释放量也明显降低;扫描电镜结果显示改性后的树脂固化膜形成的炭层变得更平滑和致密,并且完整无破裂现象;同时对固化膜的热稳定性和热降解过程进行了探讨。分析论证了ODOPM改性修饰后的EA有更高的阻燃性,成炭能力明显增强,形成的致密炭层有效地阻止了热交换,使材料在高温下更稳定。     

基于复合叠加模型的地下水污染风险区划研究——以山东省临淄区为例

临淄区是著名的化工城,为区域经济发展带来了巨大的促进作用,然而在生产过程中产生的环境问题也十分突出。针对临淄区地下水分布广泛,地貌、水文地质条件复杂,化工企业众多,地下水污染风险控制因素复杂,采用地下水地层防污性能叠加污染源强度建立模型,划分了临淄区地下水污染风险高、较高、中、低风险区域。其中,堠皋地区污染风险高,地下水样品分析结果表明此区域内地下水苯系物污染严重,证实了污染风险划分的有效性及客观性。建议对高风险地区采取更为严格的防控措施,主要包括完善监管制度、联合采用多种措施阻断污染途径、查明污染来源及包气带、含水层联合处置的方式改善地下水质量。     

核-壳结构的Fe-FeOxH2x-3催化UV/H2O2降解腐殖酸

采用硼氢化钠还原法制备了核-壳结构的Fe-FeOxH2x-3纳米复合材料,在近紫外光和H2O2催化条件下,对饮用水消毒副产物前驱体腐殖酸的去除比纳米零价铁的去除高.说明零价铁表面铁氧化物能加速界面电子转移,提高反应效率.探讨了H2O2浓度、腐殖酸初始浓度和起始溶液pH对反应速率的影响.研究结果表明,H2O2最佳投加量为5 mmol·L-1,在pH为5～9时,催化剂都显示了较高的活性;腐殖酸不但被脱色降解,而且TOC去除率达到60%,并且生成的中间产物降低了三氯甲烷的生成趋势.